As a result of which salts and water are formed, for example:
Examples
Application
Neutralization underlies some of the most important methods of titrimetric analysis.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what the "Neutralization reaction" is in other dictionaries:
neutralization reaction- - the reaction between an acid and a base, in which the components react with each other in equivalent stoichiometric quantities, and the products are salt and water. General chemistry: textbook / A. V. Zholnin Neutralization reaction - reaction, in ... ... Chemical terms
neutralization reaction- RN - [English-Russian glossary of basic terms on vaccinology and immunization. World Health Organization, 2009] Topics vaccinology, immunization Synonyms RH EN neutralization testNT ...
neutralization reaction (RN) of the virus - laboratory method. [English-Russian glossary of basic terms on vaccinology and immunization. World Health Organization, 2009] Topics vaccinology, immunization EN viral neutralization testNT … Technical Translator's Handbook
- (syn. toxin-antitoxin reaction) interaction of a toxin with a specific antitoxin, leading to the formation of a complex that does not have toxicity ... Big Medical Dictionary
A method for identifying a virus based on the phenomenon of loss of infectivity as a result of interaction with specific antibodies ... Big Medical Dictionary
reaction- is the process of interaction. Dictionary by analytical chemistry neutralization reaction exchange reaction redox reactions... Chemical terms
See Toxin Neutralization Reaction... Big Medical Dictionary
- (PH) laboratory test, in Krom At immune with ki neutralize, neutralize, inhibit biol. activity (lethal, infectious, toxic, enzymatic, etc.) of microorganisms, their toxins and enzymes. pH is used: 1) for high-quality and ... ... Dictionary of microbiology
The Sonogashira reaction is a nominal reaction in organic chemistry, the addition of haloalkanes to terminal alkynes. This reaction was first carried out by Kenkichi Sonogashira and Nobue Hogihara in 1975. Catalysts For the reaction ... ... Wikipedia
The neutralization reaction (for example, sulfuric acid) in a reservoir due to calcium bicarbonates proceeds according to the formula Ca(HC03)24-H2304=Ca304+2H20+2CO2.[ ...]
Neutralization with limestone is not always effective, since in the presence of sulfuric acid, gypsum formed on the surface of limestone particles inhibits the further course of the neutralization reaction.[ ...]
A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between substances that have the properties of an acid and a base, which results in the loss of the characteristic properties of both compounds. The most typical neutralization reaction in aqueous solutions occurs between hydrated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions contained in strong acids and bases, respectively: H+ + 0H = H20. As a result, the concentration of each of these ions becomes equal to that characteristic of the water itself (about 10 7), i.e., the active reaction of the aquatic environment approaches pH=7.[ ...]
The reaction of a base with an acid, which results in salt and water, is a neutralization reaction.[ ...]
Neutralization by filtration is that the waste liquid is passed through a layer of filter material. When a liquid passes through such a filter, the neutralization reaction must be completely completed. Limestone, marble and dolomite are used as filter material to neutralize acids. This method has a number of advantages: it is simpler and cheaper, effective with uneven concentration of acids in wastewater.[ ...]
The acid neutralization reaction can also be carried out with other reagents such as bases. The consumption of these substances to neutralize 1 g of various acids (stoichiometrically) is given in Table. 6.[ ...]
The neutralization reaction and the calculation of the amount of an unknown substance from this reaction has a very wide application in agrochemical laboratories. Calculations of this kind are possible for all chemical equations correctly composed.[ ...]
The neutralization reaction proceeds very quickly, and with further mixing, the entire mass of wastewater acquires the same pH value within a few minutes.[ ...]
To neutralize waters of the first type, any of the above reagents can be used. When neutralizing waters of the second type, salts not only precipitate, but at high concentrations can be deposited on the surface of the neutralizing material and slow down the reaction. Neutralization of waters of the third type is possible only with alkali solutions.[ ...]
In the reaction of neutralization of sulfuric acid with lime or chalk, 172 parts of Ca3Od gypsum dihydrate are obtained for 98 parts of acid. 2H20.[ ...]
The method of neutralization by filtration consists in the fact that acidic waste water, after preliminary clarification, is passed through a layer of neutralizing material at such a speed that the neutralization reaction is completed during the time the water comes into contact with the material.[ ...]
In the reaction chamber, not only the free acid is neutralized, but also the crystallization of calcium salts and the flocculation of metal hydroxides ends, which leads to the final stabilization of pH. From this point of view, the installation of the sensor after the reaction chambers is the most rational. However, it should be borne in mind that the construction of a stable control system using industrial devices is extremely complicated if the transport delay time exceeds 10-15 minutes. Based on these considerations, it is often necessary to abandon the location of the sensor of the regulating device after the reaction chamber, designed for more than ten minutes of water. In this case, the sensor of the regulating device can be installed at the outlet of the mixer or somewhere along the path of water movement between the mixer and the reaction chamber (or sump) - where the neutralization reaction has taken place with the greatest completeness. Under operational conditions, such a place is easily found by testing samples taken sequentially along the path of water mixed with the reagent. Where the pH value remains unchanged in the sample taken after thorough mixing, the value of the regulating parameter is measured.[ ...]
Reagents for the neutralization of acidic wastewater are selected depending on the type of acids and their concentration. In addition, it is taken into account whether a precipitate is formed during the neutralization reaction. To neutralize mineral acids, any alkaline reagent is used, but most often the following: lime in the form of fluff or milk of lime, as well as calcium or magnesium carbonates in the form of a suspension.[ ...]
The method is based on the neutralization reaction of salicylic acid with alkali. The end of the reaction is fixed by a potentiometer.[ ...]
The choice of a reagent for the neutralization of acidic wastewater depends on the type of acids and their concentration, as well as on the solubility of salts formed as a result of a chemical reaction. To neutralize mineral acids, any alkaline reagent is used, but most often lime in the form of fluff or milk of lime and calcium or magnesium carbonates in the form of a suspension. These reagents are relatively cheap and widely available, but they have a number of disadvantages: at the same time, it is necessary to install equalizers before the neutralization plant, it is difficult to regulate the dose of the reagent according to the pH of the neutralized water, and the reagent management is difficult. The rate of reaction between the acid solution and the solid particles of the suspension is relatively slow and depends on the size of the particles and the solubility of the compound formed as a result of the neutralization reaction. Therefore, the final active reaction in the liquid phase is not established immediately, but after some time (10–15 min). The above applies to wastewater containing strong acids (H2504, H2503), the calcium salts of which are sparingly soluble in water.[ ...]
To control the neutralization reaction, one must know how much acid or base to add to the solution to obtain the desired pH value. To solve this problem, the method of empirical evaluation of stoichiometric coefficients can be used, which is carried out using titration.[ ...]
As you can see, the famous annihilation reaction e+ + e = 2b can be considered, moreover, logically and reasonably, as a neutralization reaction - the conclusion, in my opinion, is not only interesting, but also elegant.[ ...]
For the complete completion of the neutralization reaction and flocculation of suspensions, wastewater flowing through the tank is mixed with compressed air (in order to oxidize Fe2+ to Pe3+) or mechanically. An appropriate amount of flocculating agents is added to the flocculator (or neutralizing tank) to promote the formation of dense agglomerates from an easily settled suspension. The flocculator should be three to six times the size of the neutralizer tank.[ ...]
From the neutralization reactions presented above, it can be calculated that under stoichiometric conditions the consumption of CaO per 1 g of the corresponding compounds will be as follows: H2SO4 - 0.56 g; FeSO4 - 0.37 g; HC1-0.77 g; FeCl2 - 0.44 g; HN03 - 0.44 g; Fe (N03h - 0.31 g; H3PO4 -0.86 g.[ ...]
It is important to emphasize that not only carbonic acid, but also organic acids (especially fulvic and humic acids), which are an agent of intensive decomposition of rocks. The strong dissociation of many organic acids leads to an increase in H concentrations in water. The dissociation constants of such naturally occurring compounds as fulvic and humic acids approach groundwater to 3 or less.In connection with this, such organic acids intensively decompose silicates with the destruction of their crystal lattice.The degree of such decomposition is the greater, the lower the mineralization of groundwater and the more acidic they are.[ ...]
Example 6. Calculate the duration of the neutralization reaction of acidic solutions with a lime suspension if the reaction is carried out in an ideal displacement batch reactor (RIS-P) .[ ...]
The simplest purification system based on a neutralization reaction can be represented as crushed limestone, on which an acid solution was poured, and the precipitate was collected in a sump.[ ...]
The analysis of fluctuations in concentrations and the mechanism of neutralization reactions of acidic iron-containing wastewater served as the basis for choosing the parameters for regulating this process. It became obvious that it is not enough to regulate the supply of a neutralizing reagent only by one indicator of pH. A second parameter is needed, which could react to the presence of iron sulfate in water and influence the flow of the reagent in accordance with its current concentrations.[ ...]
In order to ensure1 the completeness and acceleration of the course of the reaction of neutralization and precipitation of salts of heavy metals in the reaction chambers, wastewater is continuously mixed by propeller or paddle mixers with a vertical axis of rotation. The stirrer speed is assumed to be at least 40 min-1; at a speed of 150 min-1, the duration of contact of wastewater containing heavy metal ions can be reduced to 15 minutes.[ ...]
The processes of chemical trapping of impurities are used to neutralize the largest environmental pollutants: nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, etc. Since the specific neutralization reactions of each of these substances are individual, it is more convenient to consider the available purification methods in relation to the listed main gas pollutants.[ .. .]
As you can see, everything turns out to be very strict and logical: in both cases, the neutralization reaction is reduced to the combination of lyonium and lyate ions; in both reactions, a salt is obtained as a neutralization product - potassium chloride.[ ...]
For alkalization of oil, it is possible not to take into account the consumption of reagents for hydrogen sulfide, since hydrogen chloride, as a stronger acid, enters into the reaction first of all.[ ...]
The reactor can be considered as an isolated system (heat losses in environment insignificant), and the processes of neutralization occurring in it are spontaneous and irreversible. About 2.5 Mcal/h will be released in the reactor as a result of neutralization reactions, which obviously corresponds to an increase in the free energy of the active substances of the waste when they are formed at industrial enterprises.[ ...]
A favorite criticism of the solvosystem theory was that it could not describe acid-base reactions in a non-own solvent.[ ...]
To prevent corrosion of sewage treatment plants, disruption of biochemical processes in biological oxidizers and water sources, as well as sedimentation of heavy metal salts, acidic and alkaline waters undergo neutralization. The most typical neutralization reaction is the reaction between hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, leading to the formation of slightly dissociated water; H++OHG = H20. As a result of the reaction, the concentration of each of these ions becomes the same (about 107), i.e. the active reaction of the aquatic environment approaches pH = 7.[ ...]
The main reason for the formation of sediments is the interaction of wastewater with formation waters, when the medium of the solutions changes in the direction of approaching the pH of formation water, i.e., to equilibrium reservoir conditions, as a rule, close to neutral. Neutralization is accompanied by hydrolysis of waste water components. In some cases, due to contact with acidic and alkaline media, partial dissolution of the rocks that make up the reservoir can occur, followed by practically uncontrolled secondary sedimentation as a result of neutralization reactions. In addition, one of the reasons for the formation of sediments can be the introduction of wastewater components that react with the components of formation water, resulting in the formation of sediments even without changing the environment of the solutions.[ ...]
The electrodes used for titration of acids and bases are indicative of the concentration of hydrogen ions. We will consider two types of electrodes: antimony and glass, which, in our opinion, can be successfully used in sanitary-chemical analysis for neutralization reactions and determination of the pH of solutions.[ ...]
However, one cannot agree that all the nitric acid released by nitrifying bacteria during the oxidation of nitrous acid in the soil will be neutralized only due to the decomposition of phosphate rock. Even in non-calcareous soils, the soil solution contains calcium bicarbonate, which will primarily participate in the neutralization reaction (as the most mobile) nitric acid. In addition, in any soil there is a significant amount of exchange-absorbed calcium, which is easily displaced into solution by hydrogen ions of nitric acid with the formation of calcium nitrate.[ ...]
In glulam paper with hydrophobic glue sizing, intrafiber diffusion, as experiments show, can be about 1000 times faster than through capillaries, into which hydrophobic particles of the sizing agent prevent the penetration of water. The addition of an alkali solution to water facilitates the diffusion of moisture into the thickness of the paper sheet, since alkali contributes to the swelling of the fibers and, consequently, to the penetration of moisture into the fibers. In addition, the alkali enters into a neutralization reaction with the free resin of the rosin adhesive, as a result of which conditions are created that promote interfiber penetration of moisture. That is why the addition of an alkaline solution to water also contributes to the capillary rise of moisture in paper strips vertically suspended above the moisture surface and touching this surface.[ ...]
With this method of making mixtures, they are produced in granular form, which ensures their good dispersal and facilitates the use of a local method when sowing and planting plants (in rows, holes, furrows). These fertilizers are already called complex-mixed. To prepare them, weighed quantities of simple or complex powdered fertilizers (simple or double superphosphate, ammophos or diammophos, ammonium nitrate or urea and potassium chloride) are taken in the desired proportion and thoroughly mixed in a special drum-granulator. At the same time, ammonia is added to neutralize the free phosphoric acid of the superphosphate. The neutralization reaction proceeds with the release of heat and heating of the mixture, which contributes to its drying. If ammophos or diammophos is not added to the mixture, then it is enriched with liquid phosphoric acid. Due to the rotation of the drum, granules are formed from the mixed powdered fertilizers. They are cooled, sieved and treated with water-repellent substances (to prevent dampness). Ready mixtures are packed in 5-layer paper bags or polyethylene bags. For the production of fertilizer mixtures according to this principle, 12 large plants with process automation are being built in the USSR.[ ...]
However, noting that the electron in basic solvents is "in a free state", we made some inaccuracies. Of course, such an insignificant particle has an extremely high electrostatic field, and therefore it will attract polar solvent molecules, that is, it will be solvated. The solvated electron is also known in aqueous solutions, where it is formed, for example, upon irradiation of water and aqueous solutions sources of radioactive radiation. But if a solvated electron exists in water for a very short time (there are always enough H30+ ions "at its service" in water for a neutralization reaction to occur: H30+ + £ -> U2H2 ■+ ' + H20), then in strongly basic solvents the solvated electron is very stable . So, solutions of sodium in liquid ammonia are stored without any changes in physical and chemical properties within a few months.[ ...]
Sulfuric acid from the factory storage enters the tank, from where it is supplied by a submersible pump to the pressure tank, and then to the drum reactor. In accordance with GOST, the content of free sulfuric acid and insoluble residue is limited in aluminum sulfate. The fulfillment of these requirements in a continuous process is possible with the automatic dosing of reagents - a suspension of aluminum hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The centrifugal pump continuously feeds the suspension into the circulation ring, in the upper part of which there is a selection box. From the selection box, part of the suspension enters the continuous drum reactor, and the excess is drained into the repulpator. Due to the heat of dilution of sulfuric acid and the reaction of neutralization of aluminum hydroxide with acid, the temperature in the reactor is maintained within the range of 95-115 °C. The residence time of the reaction mass in the reactor is 25-40 minutes. The density of the reaction mass is 1500 kg/m3. The productivity of the apparatus is 10,000 kg/h at a drum rotation speed of 0.18 s-1. After leaving the reactor, a concentrated solution of aluminum sulfate with 13.5% AlO3 enters the spray nozzles of the fluidized bed granulator.
Lesson topic: "Neutralization reaction as an example of an exchange reaction"
The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of the neutralization reaction as a particular case of the exchange reaction.
Tasks:
Create conditions for the development of ideas about the neutralization reaction as a particular case of the exchange reaction;
To expand students' knowledge of the properties of acids and bases;
Continue developing the skills of compiling equations of chemical reactions;
To cultivate observation and attention during the demonstration experiment.
Lesson type : combined
Equipment and reagents : hydrochloric acid, solutions of sodium hydroxide, copper (II) hydroxide, phenolphthalein, test tubes.
During the classes
Organizing time.
Guys, let's continue our journey through the country called Chemistry. In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the city called Foundations and its inhabitants. The main inhabitants of this city are the foundations. Define the term "foundation". Well, now let's check how you did your homework.
Checking homework.
№ 7, 8.
Questioning and further updating of knowledge.
What classes of inorganic substances do you know?
Define the terms "oxides", "acids", "salts".
What substances does water react with?
What substances are formed when water reacts with basic and acidic oxides?
How to prove that acid is formed as a result of the interaction of water with an acidic oxide?
What are indicators?
What indicator are you talking about?
From alkali I am yellow, as in a fever,
I blush from acids, as from shame.
And I'm looking for saving moisture
So that Wednesday could not seize me.
(Methyl orange)
To get into acid is a failure for him,
But he will endure without a sigh or cry.
But in the alkalis of such a blond
Not life will begin, but solid raspberries.
(Phenolphthalein.)
What other indicators do you know?
Define the terms "acidic oxide", "basic oxide".
What groups are bases divided into?
What color is phenolphthalein, methyl orange, litmus in alkali solution?
Learning new material.
You already know that alkalis are soluble bases, when working with them, special rules of safe behavior must be observed, since they have a corrosive effect on our skin. But they can be "neutralized" by adding an acid solution to them - to neutralize. And the topic of today's lesson: "Neutralization reaction as an example of an exchange reaction" (recording the topic on the board and in a notebook).
The purpose of today's lesson: to form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe neutralization reaction; learn to write the equations of neutralization reactions.
Let's remember what types of chemical reactions you already know. Define reaction data type
Na 2 O + H 2 O = 2 NaOH
2H 2 O = 2H 2 + O 2
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 +H 2
Define these types of reactions.
You also already know that if phenolphthalein is added to alkali, the solution will become raspberry color. But if an acid is added to this solution, the color disappears (dem. interactionsNaOHAndHCl). This is a neutralization reaction.
Write the equation on the board:NaOH + HCl=NaCl+H 2 O
The result is salt and water.
Let's all together try to define a neutralization reaction.
The neutralization reaction does not belong to any of the hitherto known types of reactions. This is an exchange reaction. General scheme exchange reactions: AB + CD = AD + CB
That is, it is a reaction between complex substances, during which they exchange their constituent parts.
And who knows what acid is in our stomach? Why do you think it is recommended for heartburn, if there is no pill at hand, to drink a little soda solution?
The fact is that a soda solution also has an alkaline environment, and when we drink this solution, a neutralization reaction occurs. A solution of soda neutralizes the hydrochloric acid found in our stomach.
Do you think insoluble bases react with acids? (Student answers). Dem. Cu(OH) interactions 2 And HCl .
Write the equation on the board:Cu(OH) 2 + 2 HCl = CuCl 2 + 2 H 2 O.
Anchoring
Add the following reaction equations:
A) KOH+ H 2 SO 4 = …;
b) Fe(OH) 2 + HCl=…;
V) Ca(OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 =…. .
What initial substances must be taken to obtain the following salts by neutralization reaction:Ca( NO 3 ) 2 ; NaI; BaSO 4.
Substances given:HCl; H 2 SO 4 ; Fe( Oh) 3 . Write equations for all possible neutralization reactions between them.
Physical education: The teacher shows the substances, and the students need to determine which class of substances the substance belongs to and perform the following actions: oxide - hands up, salt - stand up, acid - hands to the sides, bases - do nothing.
Generalization
Complete the proposed scheme
Main classes of inorganic substances
SO 2 ; Na 2 Oh? ? ?
H 2 SO 4 ; HCl NaOH;Ca(OH) 2 CaCl 2; Na 2 SO 4
2. Complete the sentences below:
A group of OH atoms is called...
The valency of this group is constant and equal to ....
Bases are made up of atoms.... and one or more... .
The chemical properties of bases include their effect on .... At the same time, the indicators acquire color: litmus - ....; phenolphthalein - ....; methyl orange - ....
In addition, the bases react with .... .
This reaction is called...
The products of this reaction are... And …. .
An exchange reaction is a reaction between... substances, in which they exchange their ... parts.
The neutralization reaction is a special case of the reaction ....
VII Reflection
What did you learn in today's lesson? Have we reached the goals set in the lesson?
Homework: § 33 No. 6, get ready for practical work № 6
Additional Information:Do you know that women Ancient Rus' washed your hair with a solution of spruce ash or sunflower ash? The ash solution is soapy to the touch and is called "lye". Such a solution has an alkaline environment, like the substances that we study. Ash in Arabic is al-kali.
The historical names of the most important alkalis: sodium hydroxide - caustic soda, potassium hydroxide - caustic potash. Alkalis are used to make glass and soap.
Mystery:
It contains metal and oxygen,
Plus hydrogen.
And this combination
Call -….. (bottom)
Leonid Chueshkov
Ahead is always here "ash",
And what is left behind.
She stings and stings.
And at first glance it is simple,
And it's called - ... (acid)
Leonid Chueshkov
The reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water is called a neutralization reaction.
We studied the reactions of interaction of acids with metals and metal oxides. In these reactions, a salt of the corresponding metal is formed. The bases also contain metals. It can be assumed that acids will also interact with bases to form salts. Let us add a solution of hydrochloric acid HCl to a solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH.
The solution remains colorless and transparent, but it can be established by touch that heat is released. The release of heat shows that a chemical reaction has taken place between the alkali and the acid.
To find out the essence of this reaction, let's do the following experiment. Place a piece of paper dyed with purple litmus into the alkali solution. She, of course, will turn blue. Now, from the buret, we begin to pour the acid solution into the alkali solution in small portions until the color of the litmus again changes from blue to purple. If the litmus turns from blue to purple, then this means that there is no alkali in the solution. There was no acid in the solution, since in its presence the litmus should have turned red. The solution became neutral. Evaporating the solution, we got salt - sodium chloride NaCl.
The formation of sodium chloride in the interaction of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid is expressed by the equation:
NaOH + HCl \u003d NaCl + H 2 O + Q
The essence of this reaction is that sodium and hydrogen atoms exchange places. As a result, the hydrogen atom of the acid combines with the hydroxyl group of the alkali into a water molecule, and the sodium metal atom combines with the rest of the acid - Cl, forming a salt molecule. This reaction belongs to the type of exchange reactions familiar to us.
Do insoluble bases react with acids? Pour blue copper hydroxide into a glass. Let's add water. Copper hydroxide will not dissolve. Now let's add a solution of nitric acid to it. Copper hydroxide will dissolve and a clear solution of copper nitrate will be obtained. blue color. The reaction is expressed by the equation:
Cu(OH) 2 + 2HNO 3 = Cu(NO 3) 2 + 2H 2 O
Water-insoluble bases, like alkalis, react with acids to form salt and water.
Using the neutralization reaction, insoluble acids and bases are determined experimentally. Hydrates of oxides that enter into a neutralization reaction with alkalis are acids. Convinced by experience that this oxide hydrate is neutralized by alkalis, we write its formula as an acid formula, writing the chemical sign of hydrogen in the first place: HNO3, H 2 SO 4.
Acids do not react with each other to form salts.
Oxide hydrates that enter into a neutralization reaction with m lots are bases. Convinced by experience that this oxide hydrate is neutralized by acids, we write its formula in the form of Me (OH) n, i.e. we emphasize the presence of hydroxyl groups in it.
Bases do not react with each other to form salts.
The concept of “neutralization reaction” existing in inorganic chemistry implies chemical process, in which substances with acidic and basic properties interact, as a result of which the participants in the reaction lose both those and other characteristic chemical properties. The neutralization reaction in microbiology has the same global significance; its products lose their biological properties. But, of course, this is a completely different process with different participants and outcomes. And the biological property in question, and which is primarily of interest to doctors and scientists, is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease or death in a susceptible animal.
Areas of use
Most often, this research method is used to identify viruses, that is, to diagnose viral infectious diseases. Moreover, the test can be aimed both at identifying the pathogen itself and antibodies to it.
In bacteriology, this technique is usually used to detect antibodies to bacterial enzymes, such as antistreptolysins, antistaphylolysins, antistreptokinases.
How is this test done?
The neutralization reaction is based on the ability of antibodies - special immune blood proteins - to neutralize antigens - foreign agents that enter the body. If it is necessary to detect the pathogen and identify it, then a standard immune serum containing antibodies is mixed with biological material. The resulting mixture is kept in a thermostat for the required time and introduced into a living susceptible system.
These are laboratory animals (rats, mice), chicken embryos, cell cultures. In the absence of a biological effect (illness or death of the animal), it can be concluded that this is exactly the virus for which the standard serum was used. Since, as already mentioned, a sign that the reaction has passed is the loss of bioproperties by the virus (the ability to cause the death of the animal) due to the interaction of serum antibodies and virus antigens. When determining toxic substances, the algorithm of actions is the same, but there are options.
If any substrate containing a toxin is examined, then it is mixed with standard serum. In the case of studying the latter, a control toxic substance is used. In order for the neutralization reaction to proceed, this mixture is also incubated for a predetermined time and injected into the susceptible system. The technique for evaluating the result is exactly the same.
In medical and veterinary practice, the virus neutralization reaction used as a diagnostic test is carried out in the so-called paired sera technique.
This is a way to confirm the diagnosis of a viral disease. For its implementation in a sick person or animal, they are taken twice - at the beginning of the disease and 14-21 days after that.
If, after the test, an increase in the number of antibodies to the virus by 4 or more times is detected, then the diagnosis can be considered confirmed.