The problem of the destructive power of war arguments. Arguments for the Unified State Exam on the topic “War. Moral assessment of war. M. Zusak "The Book Thief"

25.11.2023

What is the feat of a woman in war? What role did women play during the Great Patriotic War? It is these questions that the writer S.A. Aleksievich is trying to answer in her text.

Revealing the problem of a woman's feat in war, the author relies on her reasoning and life facts. On the one hand, a woman is first and foremost a mother, she gives life. But during the Great Patriotic War she had to become a soldier. She killed the enemy in defense of her home and children. We still comprehend the immortality of the feat of the Russian Soviet woman. Explaining the heroic deeds of women, Alexievich uses a quote from Leo Tolstoy, who wrote about the “hidden warmth of patriotism.”

The writer is amazed by the fact that yesterday’s schoolgirls and students voluntarily went to the front, making a choice between life and death, and this choice turned out to be as simple as breathing for them. With the help of rhetorical questions, the author emphasizes that the people, whose woman in difficult times dragged her wounded and another’s wounded soldier from the battlefield, cannot be defeated. S. Aleksievich calls on us to sacredly honor women, to bow low to them to the ground.

The author's position is expressed directly: the feat of women in the war lies in the fact that she passionately wanted to give all her strength to save the Motherland. She fought on an equal basis with men: she saved the wounded, carrying them out of the battlefield, blew up bridges, went on reconnaissance, and killed a cruel enemy.

Let's look at literary examples. B.L. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” tells about the feat of five girls - anti-aircraft gunners. Each of them had their own account with the Nazis. Rita Osyanina's husband, a border guard, died on the first day of the war. Leaving her little son in the care of her mother, the young woman went to the front to defend her Motherland. Zhenya Komelkova’s relatives, like the family of command personnel, were shot, and the girl saw the execution from the basement, where an Estonian woman hid her. Orphanage Galka Chetvertak took credit for a year by forging a document in order to go to war. Both Sonya Gurvich, who went to the front from her student days, and Liza Brichkina, who dreamed of happiness in a remote forest region, became anti-aircraft gunners. The girls die in an unequal duel with sixteen German saboteurs. Each of them could become a mother, but the thread that could connect them with the future was broken, and this is the unnaturalness and tragedy of the war.

Let's give another example. In V. Bykov’s story “His Battalion”, medical instructor Veretennikova Vera is discharged from the army as unfit for combat service, as she is expecting a child from her civilian husband - company commander Lieutenant Samokhin, but she refuses to obey the military order, she wants to be close to her beloved. Voloshin's battalion must take a height well fortified by the Germans. Recruits are afraid to go on the attack. Faith drives them out of the swamp and forces them to move forward. She had to survive the death of the father of her unborn child, but she herself dies without ever becoming a mother.

We came to the conclusion that the feat of women during the war years is immortal. They were ready to give their lives to save their homeland, took part in battles, and saved the wounded.

Updated: 2017-09-24

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Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for essays
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The influence of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in war. A person's responsibility for his actions.

What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)

In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man” can be seen as a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he went through all the trials: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained his human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break, and again showed courage, although not on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

In the center of the story of the novel “The Book Thief” by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who finds herself in a foster family on the threshold of war. The girl’s own father was associated with the communists, so in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers to raise. Liesel begins a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, even though it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudi scatter bread on the road along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and rejoice. It is no coincidence that the book is narrated from the perspective of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.

Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)

It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. Thus, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in battles, but tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torture, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is unable to cope with his mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is found within every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.

The main character of G. Baklanov’s story “Forever Nineteen,” Alexey Tretyakov, painfully reflects on the causes and significance of the war for the people, people, and life. He finds no compelling explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the devaluation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, terrifies the hero and causes bewilderment: “... The same thought haunted me: will it ever turn out that this war might not have happened? What could people do to prevent this? And millions would remain alive...”

What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")

The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in V. Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”. A young Russian fighter takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sashka is ordered to take him to headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet on which it was written that the prisoners were guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders the German to be shot. Sashka’s conscience does not allow him to kill an unarmed man, a young guy like himself, who behaves the same way he would have behaved in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg for mercy, maintaining human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not follow the commander’s orders. Belief in the rightness saves his and his prisoner’s life, and the commander cancels the order.

How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)

G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - Nineteen Years” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, the memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe there is a great liberation of the spirit,” said Atrakovsky. – Never before has so much depended on each of us. That's why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That’s how people are.” War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, and the determination of true life values by everyone. In war, a reassessment of values occurs, a person’s worldview and character change.

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)

In the epic “Sun of the Dead” I. Shmelev shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay,” “the cackling, stomping and roaring” of humanoids, these are cars of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads!” Human!” War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. It turns a person into a beast and forces him to do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction may be, they are not what terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not resist it; for him “everything is nothing!” “and there is no one, and no one.” For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.

A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")

In the story “Abel (Sixth of August)” by V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about a universal misfortune and environmental disaster, but also about a person’s personal tragedy. Young bombardier Connor bears the burden of responsibility for becoming the man destined to activate the killing mechanism with the press of a button. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with their inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is confident that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The combination in one person of a heightened sense of the World and soldierly diligence, imposed by the state machine and the education system, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. The crew members perceive what happened differently; not all of them feel responsible for what they did, and they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a fight against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute consciousness of guilt, constantly washing his hands, as if trying to wash them from the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has taken upon himself.

What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)

In the story “Killed near Moscow,” K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, it has moved, it is moving not by someone’s will, but by itself, having received its own move, and therefore unstoppable.” . The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the “master” of everything. All life is now determined by war, changing not only everyday life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: “In war, whoever breaks down first.” The death that war brings occupies almost all the soldiers’ thoughts: “In the first months at the front, he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one like this. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with themselves: there will be no other life.” The metamorphoses that happen to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage and self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only people’s bodies, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.
SUMMARY

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest, first of all, with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character gives up social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.

2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries and saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.

What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)

What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")

How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)

A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")

What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)

During the Great Patriotic War, not only men, but also women fought for our Motherland. Sometimes they became so dangerous for the Nazis that some of them began to be personally hunted.

Machine gunner Manshuk Mametova

In 1942, Kazakh woman Manshuk Mametova voluntarily went to the front. Even before the war, she was a good shooter, and therefore it is not surprising that during her service she was keenly interested in the design of the Maxim machine gun. Mametova asked to be transferred to a rifle unit. On October 15, 1943, Manshuk Mametova took part in the battles for the city of Nevel in the Pskov region. Most of her colleagues die, and Manshuk is left alone. She desperately fires back from three machine guns at once. But an enemy bullet hits her in the head. Manshuk loses consciousness. However, he comes to his senses when he hears the approaching voices of the fascists. The girl again grabs the machine gun and with the last of her strength defends the height entrusted to her. She never let the Nazis through. Mametova destroyed 72 fascists. And this is only in one battle! Unfortunately, this battle was the last for Manshuk - her wound turned out to be fatal. In 1944, Manshuk Mametova was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

Pilot Lydia Litvyak

Lydia Litvyak studied at the flying club since childhood, and as she grew up, she began to train pilots herself. In 1942, in order to get into the air regiment, she attributed the missing hours of flight training to the documents. Litvyak immediately proved herself on the battlefield, shooting down a German bomber. She was transferred to a fighter aviation regiment. And once the pilot shot down a German baron, who had no equal in the air before. In total, Lydia shot down 11 enemy aircraft. She was wounded several times, but always returned to duty. However, on August 1, 1943, Lydia still did not return from the battle. They wanted to immediately award the brave pilot, but her body could not be found, and someone started a rumor that Lydia was in captivity. The remains of the legendary pilot were discovered only 28 years later. In 1990, Lydia Litvyak was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

Sniper Lyudmila Pavlichenko

Lyudmila was a good shooter since childhood, so when the war broke out, she immediately ended up in the 25th Chapaev Rifle Division. Thanks to her accuracy and her ability to remain invisible, Lyudmila Pavlichenko easily “picked off” fascist snipers. Lyudmila has 309 killed fascists, of which 36 were snipers. The Germans were afraid of her and one day, over the loudspeaker, they began to promise Lyudmila high ranks and chocolate in addition, if only she agreed to come over to their side. Of course, Luda refused, and a real hunt began for the girl. A German sniper was sent after her, who had killed more than 500 Soviet soldiers. But Lyudmila won this duel. After being wounded, Pavlichenko began training other snipers. And one day she and a delegation were sent to the United States to convince the American government to open another front. The Americans looked at the woman sniper with curiosity and bombarded her with questions about makeup, hairstyle and outfits. Finally, Pavlichenko could not stand it. “Don’t you think, gentlemen,” asked Lyudmila, “that you’ve been hiding behind my back for too long?” These words struck the interlocutors like shots. Lyudmila Pavlichenko received the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. She died in 1974.

Sniper and telephone operator Tatyana Baramzina

Before the war, Tatyana studied at a pedagogical institute, and later worked as a teacher in a kindergarten. It's hard to believe that a fragile girl with such a peaceful profession personally killed 36 Germans. At first, Tanya served as a sniper and managed to eliminate 16 enemies. But the girl’s vision began to deteriorate - she had to retrain as a telephone operator. Under continuous fire, Tatyana restored the damaged telephone connection many times. One day, on instructions from the commander, she went to enemy lines, where, together with her comrades, she encountered the enemy. Baramzina fired back to the last. But she was captured. Tatyana was brutally tortured before her death: her eyes were gouged out, her breasts were cut off, and then she was shot from an anti-tank gun. She was identified only by fragments of clothing and hair. She was only 24 years old. In 1945, Tatyana Baramzina was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

Partisan Lisa Chaikina

During the war, an ordinary librarian Lisa Chaikina organized a partisan detachment of 70 fellow villagers. Lisa had excellent command of weapons and had excellent knowledge of the terrain. It was thanks to these skills that she stole information valuable for the Soviet army from the Nazis and easily escaped persecution. German soldiers began a real hunt for Lisa. And one day she was crowned with success. On November 22, 1941, Lisa Chaikina went on another reconnaissance mission. On the way, she spent the night with her friend Marusya. But two local residents - a groom and his son - informed the Germans about the whereabouts of the elusive partisan. Marusya herself, her brother and mother were shot immediately, and Lisa was taken prisoner. The girl was tortured for a long time, but she did not betray her comrades. The only thing Chaikina said before her death was “Victory will be ours!” In 1942, Lisa Chaikina was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously. Streets in many Russian cities are named after her.

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What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)

What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")

How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)

A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")

What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)

What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)

What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")

How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)

A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")

What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)