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The theory of agricultural standart by I. Thunen The formation of the theory of location (localization) is usually associated with the publication in 1826 of the book by the German economist J. Thunen “The isolated state in its relation to agriculture and national economy.” The main content of this fundamental work was to identify patterns in the location of agricultural production depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs).

In his research, J. Thunen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world, within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods. The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are assumed to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the transportation distance. The criterion for optimizing placement in the works of J. Thunen is minimizing transport costs.

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The theory of central places by V. Christaller.

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The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work “Central Places in Southern Germany,” published in 1993. He substantiated his theoretical conclusions with empirical data.

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The theories of absolute and comparative advantages of A. Smith and D. Ricardo The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the absolute advantages that a particular country (we mean a region) has. Each country (region) must specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced significantly further in theory than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages represent only a special case of the general principle of the rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) that have higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange by playing on cost differences.

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Heckscher-Ohlin theory In the 30s it was already the 20th century. Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin developed the theory of international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the relationship between the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) must export products of intensive use of surplus (relatively non-deficient) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize “factor prices”; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.

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D) General theory of location The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Loesch The main work of the German scientist A. Loesch (A. Losch) “Spatial organization of the economy” (1940). The pinnacle of the teachings of A. Loesch is the development of the fundamental principles of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium A. Loesch significantly expands the list of factors and conditions considered when locating enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with a whole variety of microeconomics tools. He analyzes the situation of locating firms in a competitive environment. , when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each company to maximize profits, but also by the increase in the number of companies filling the entire market space A. Loesch proved the optimality of hexagonal placement of companies (at the vertices of regular hexagons).

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New paradigms and concepts of the region In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region appeared only as a concentration of natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, and the service sector. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multidimensional system. The most widespread are four regional paradigms: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.

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Introduction to Regional Economics
Territorial organization of regional economy
Regional economic management
State regulation of territorial development
RF
Economic potential of the region
Analysis and assessment of investment attractiveness and
competitiveness of the region.
Regional problems of environmental management.
Labor market and social policy of regions

R.E.Morozova. Regional economy. Textbook. M.: Unity, 2013.526 p.
Regional economy. Fundamentals of theory and research methods.
Glushkova. 2011.- 272 p.
Fundamentals of regional economics. A.V. Andreev,
L.M. Borisova, E.V. Pluchevskaya Study guide. M.: KnoRus,
2014.- 336 p.
Regional economy. Main course: Textbook / REA named after. G.V.
Plekhanov; Ed. V.I.Vidyapina, M.V.Stepanova.-M.:INFRA-M,
2011. Journal “Regional Economics: Theory and Practice”
Official website of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation –
.
Official website of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation –
www.economy.gov.ru.
Official website of the Federal State Statistics Service
– www.gks.ru.
The official website of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation is www.minfin.ru.

Scale for assessing students' knowledge in the discipline "Regional Economics"

Type of work
Quantity
works for
semester
Score in points for
one job
(max./min.)
Auditory lessons
9
8
Practical lessons
5/4
Testing on main topics
5/3
disciplines
Essay
1
5
Seminars
1
10
10
Independent work, bonus points
Finding information on a task
teacher
2
5
Preparing an article for publication
10
Participation in conferences, grants
10
Total for the semester
60 or more points
"passed"
less than 60 points
"not accepted"
Maximum
possible estimate in
points
45 (36)
40 (24)
5
10
10
10

Classics of science "Regional economics"

Classics of science
economy"
"Regional

Federal districts of the Russian Federation (9)

Economic regions of the Russian Federation (12)

Subjects of the Russian Federation (85)

Directions of regional economics

LOCAL
REGIONAL
COMPLEX

Rational form of economic regions (according to Lesch's theory)

“... the core of economic science will be
be built
How
three-lane
system:
macroeconomics,
microeconomics and regional
economy".
Granberg A.G. - Russian economist, academician
RAS, Chairman of the Research Council
productive forces

RE subject

Study of spatial
problems of economic development
national
economics,
identification of pathways and mechanisms
their decisions.

Methods of regional economics
Economic-mathematical
modeling
Software-targeted
Balance
Methods of sociological
research
Normative
Cartographic

Subsystems of norms and standards used in the Russian Federation

Resource
Efficiency
public
production
Socio-economic
environmental standards
And

Region
- this is a large territory
countries with more/less homogeneous
natural
conditions
And
characteristic
focus
development of productive forces.

Criteria for determining the region:

Geographical
Production-functional
Urban planning
Sociological

Region
–
territory
V
administrative boundaries of the subject
RF,
characterized by
complexity,
integrity,
specialization and controllability -
the presence of political and administrative
governing bodies.

Approaches to defining the category “region”

World economic
"Group of Seven"
UK,
Germany, Italy,
Canada, USA, France
and Japan
Geopolitical EU,
CIS, etc.
Territorially reproductive

Principles of regional formation

Reproductive
Administrative
Geographical
Passionarity
And
continuity
National integrity
historical

Presentation on the topic: Theoretical foundations of regional economics and management

1 of 33

Presentation on the topic: Theoretical foundations of regional economics and management

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Theories of regional economics and regional management must contain an explanation of the patterns and principles of rationalization of economic space, development of various types of regions, interregional interactions, location of activities and population. (Ideally)

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Development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science A) The factor of space in the history of economic thought Problems of economic space attracted the attention of ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato), creators of social utopias (T. More, T. Companella, C. Fourier, R. Owen), and in the 17th - 18th centuries were constantly included in the structure of the created economic theories. In this regard, it is appropriate to name, first of all, R. Cantillon, J. Stewart, A. Smith, and especially D. Ricardo with his principle of comparative advantage in interregional trade and the theory of locational rent.

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B) The first theories of production location The first experience of regional scientific research is associated with the names of J. Thunen, W. Launhgardt, A. Weber. Their work had a significant influence on the subsequent formation of the theory of spatial and regional economics

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The theory of agricultural standart by I. Thunen The formation of the theory of location (localization) is usually associated with the publication in 1826 of the book by the German economist J. Thunen \"The isolated state in its relation to agriculture and the national economy\". The main content of this fundamental work was to identify patterns in the location of agricultural production depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs). In his research, J. Thunen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world, within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods. The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are assumed to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the transportation distance. The criterion for optimizing placement in the works of J. Thunen is minimizing transport costs.

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J. Thünen identifies six zones (rings) for the location of agricultural activities, based on the conditions of farming on his estate in Mecklenburg - highly productive suburban farming; - forestry; - fruit production; - pasture farming; - fields of three-field crop rotation; - area of ​​cattle breeding production.

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J. Thünen proved that the optimal layout of agricultural production is a system of concentric circles (Thünen rings) of different diameters around the central city, separating the zones for different types of agricultural activities. The work of J. Thunen was the first and very indicative example of the use of abstract mathematical models in the theory of spatial economics. Its important methodological significance is recognized in the new economic science.

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Rational standard of an industrial enterprise by W. Launhardt The main discovery of the German scientist W. Launhardt, whose main work was published in 1882, is a method for finding the optimal location of an individual industrial enterprise in relation to sources of raw materials and sales markets. The decisive factor in the location of production for W. Launhardt, as well as for Thunen, is transportation costs. Production costs are assumed to be equal for all points in the study area. The point of optimal location of the enterprise depends on the weight ratios of the goods transported and the distances. To solve this problem, W. Launhardt developed the weight (or location) triangle method - one of the first physical models in economic science used to solve theoretical and practical problems.

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The theory of the industrial standart by A. Weber The main work of the German economist and sociologist A. Weber, “On the location of industry: the pure territory of the standart,” was published in 1909. The scientist set himself the task of creating a general “pure” theory of production location based on the consideration of an isolated enterprise. He made a significant step forward compared to J. Thunen and W. Launhardt, introducing new production location factors into the theoretical analysis in addition to transport costs and setting a more general optimization problem: minimizing total production costs, and not just transport costs.

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Three location factors are analyzed: transport, labor, agglomeration. Accordingly, three main orientations in placement are distinguished: transport, work and agglomeration. To find a transport point (stand) (a place where, taking into account the location of the consumer center and sources of raw materials, the minimum value of transport costs occurs), the weight (location) triangle of V. Launhardt is used. To determine the industrial standard, taking into account the combined influence of factors of transport costs and labor, A. Weber resorts to constructing the so-called isodapane. Graphically, such lines can be represented in the form of closed curves that are described around the minimum transport point and connect points of equal deviations in transport costs when moving production to work points.

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The theory of central places by V. Christaller. The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work "Central places in southern Germany", published in 1993. He substantiated the theoretical conclusions with empirical data .

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V. Kristaller calls central places economic centers that serve not only themselves with goods and services, but also the population of their surroundings (sales zones). According to V. Kristaller, over time, service and sales areas tend to form into regular hexagons (honeycombs), and the entire populated area is covered with hexagons without gaps (Kristaller lattice). This minimizes the average distance for product distribution or travel to centers for purchases and services. V. Christaller's theory explains why some goods and services should be produced (provided) in every settlement (essential products), others - in medium-sized settlements (regular clothing, basic household services, etc.), others - only in large cities (luxury goods, theaters, museums, etc.)

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C) Theories of regional specialization and interregional trade The theoretical principles of production specialization of regions and interregional trade were formally first derived within the framework of theories of international economic relations, i.e. internationalists, not regionalists. First of all, we should mention the classics of English political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, as well as the Swedish economists E. Hecksher and B. Ohlin.

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The theories of absolute and comparative advantages of A. Smith and D. Ricardo The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the absolute advantages that a particular country (we mean a region) has. Each country (region) must specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced significantly further in theory than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages represent only a special case of the general principle of the rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) that have higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange by playing on cost differences.

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Heckscher-Ohlin theory In the 30s it was already the 20th century. Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin developed the theory of international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the relationship between the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) must export products of intensive use of surplus (relatively non-deficient) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize "factor prices"; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.

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D) General theory of location The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Loesch The main work of the German scientist A. Loesch (A. Losch) \"Spatial organization of the economy\"\" (1940). The pinnacle of the teachings of A. Loesch is the development of the fundamental principles of the theory spatial economic equilibrium. A. Loesch significantly expands the composition of factors and conditions considered when locating enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with a whole variety of microeconomic tools. He analyzes the situation of locating firms. in a competitive environment, when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits, but also by the increase in the number of firms filling the entire market space, A. Loesch proved the optimality of hexagonal placement of firms (at the vertices of regular hexagons).

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The greatest scientific achievement of A. Loesch, which raises him above all theorists of spatial economics until the middle of the 20th century, is the development of the fundamental foundations of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium. A. Loesch gave a detailed mathematical description of the market functioning of the system of producers and consumers, where each economic variable is tied to a specific point in space. The state of equilibrium, according to A. Loesch, is characterized by the following conditions: 1) the location of each company has the maximum possible advantages for producers and consumers; 2) firms are located so that the territory is fully used; 3) there is equality of prices and costs (no excess income); 4) all market zones have a minimum size (in the shape of a hexagon); 5) the boundaries of market arenas pass along lines of indifference (isolines), which, according to A. Loesch, ensures the stability of the found equilibrium.

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DOMESTIC SCHOOL OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH Scientists such as M.V. showed interest in the territorial economic and state structure. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev, K.I. Arsenyev, D.I. Mendeleev, D.I. Richter, N.G. Chernyshevsky and many others. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, regional studies in Russia concentrated mainly on the study of natural productive forces, socio-economic geography, natural and economic zoning, regional statistics, problems of regional markets. The first regional studies in Russia were associated with problems of zoning, with the division of a huge territory Russian Empire into administrative units. For a long time, it was the administrative-territorial structure of our state that was the basis for economic zoning.

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The economic zoning of Russia was first considered back in the 18th century. Already in the works of V.N. Tatishchev and M.V. Lomonosov (he was the first to use the term “economic geography”) materials appeared on the elements of interaction between nature, population and economy. Later - in the 19th - early 20th centuries. - major scientific studies appear on zoning by K. I. Arsenyev (“Outline of statistics of the Russian state”), N. P. Ogarev (“Experience of statistical distribution of the Russian Empire”), V. P. Semenov (“Trade and industry of European Russia by regions "), D. I. Mendeleev ("Factory industry and trade of Russia"), A. F. Fortunatova ("On the issue of agricultural areas in Russia"), A. N. Chelintseva, S. Yu. Witte, V. I. Vernadsky, A. I. Skvortsov and others.

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Regional economic research in the USSR developed under strong state influence; since the late 1920s they were strictly focused on the tasks of planned management. Theoretical and methodological research on regional economics in the USSR before the active entry into world science and the transition to market relations was concentrated around three problems: patterns, principles and factors of the distribution of productive forces; economic zoning; methods of planning and regulation of territorial and regional development. The most prominent authorities among Soviet regionalists - economists and geographers - were I.G. Alexandrov, N.N. Baransky, B.C. Nemchinov, N.N. Nekrasov, A.E. Probst, Yu.G. Saushkin, Ya. G. Feigin, R. I. Shniper.

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Genesis of domestic theories of regional development First stage: 20-70 years of the XX century - the beginning of large-scale practical territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the formation of a regional economy. Second stage: 1960-1990 - characterized by a radical restructuring of territorial economic research, the emergence and initial development of a planned economy of the regional economy. The third stage: from the beginning of the 1990s - was accompanied by the adaptation of the regional economy and management to market relations.

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Modern directions in the development of theories of regional economics The development of the theory of regional economics is carried out along two main lines: 1) expansion and deepening of the content (subject) of research (adding classical theories with new factors, studying and understanding new processes and phenomena, emphasizing complex problems that require an interdisciplinary approach) ; 2) strengthening the research methodology (especially the use of mathematical methods and computer science).

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New paradigms and concepts of the region In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region appeared only as a concentration of natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, and the service sector. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multidimensional system. The most widespread are four regional paradigms: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.

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Placement of activities New objects of the theory are the placement of innovations, telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructured and convertible industrial and technological complexes. An important stage in the development of the theory of location was the study of the process of creation and diffusion of innovations. T. Hagerstrand put forward the theory of diffusion of innovations. The theory of the regional life cycle is closely related to the theory of diffusion of innovations. In accordance with this theory, regional economic policy should concentrate on creating favorable conditions for the innovation stage in less developed regions, for example, in the form of creating educational and scientific centers (technopolises, science cities, etc.).

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Spatial organization of the economy Theories of structuring and effective organization of economic space are based on the functional properties of the forms of spatial organization of production and settlement - industrial and transport hubs, agglomerations, territorial production complexes, urban and rural settlements of various types. The theory of growth poles has become widely accepted. The idea of ​​growth poles, put forward by the French economist F. Perroux, is based on the idea of ​​the leading role of the sectoral structure of the economy and, first of all, the leading industries that create new goods and services. The theory of growth poles was developed in the works of P. Pothier on the axes of development. In modern practice of spatial economic development, the ideas of growth poles are implemented in the creation of free economic zones, technopolises, and technoparks.

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Lecture questions Development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science 2. Domestic school of regional economic research 3. Modern directions in the development of theories of regional economics

Slide 3

Theories of regional economics and regional management must contain an explanation of the patterns and principles of rationalization of economic space, development of various types of regions, interregional interactions, location of activities and population. (Ideally)

Slide 4

Development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science

A) The factor of space in the history of economic thought Problems of economic space attracted the attention of ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato), creators of social utopias (T. More, T. Companella, C. Fourier, R. Owen), and in the 17th - 18th centuries constantly were included in the structure of the created economic theories.

In this regard, it is appropriate to name, first of all, R. Cantillon, J. Stewart, A. Smith, and especially D. Ricardo with his principle of comparative advantage in interregional trade and the theory of locational rent.

Slide 5

B) The first theories of production location

The first experience of regional scientific research is associated with the names of J. Thunen, W. Launhgardt, A. Weber.

Their work had a significant influence on the subsequent formation of the theory of spatial and regional economics

The emergence of the theory of location (localization) is usually associated with the publication in 1826 of the book by the German economist J. Thunen, “The Isolated State in Its Relation to Agriculture and National Economy.” The main content of this fundamental work was to identify patterns in the location of agricultural production depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs).

In his research, J. Thunen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world, within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods. The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are assumed to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the transportation distance. The criterion for optimizing placement in the works of J. Thunen is minimizing transport costs.

Slide 7

J. Thünen identifies six zones (rings) for the location of agricultural activities, based on the conditions of farming on his estate in Mecklenburg - highly productive suburban farming; - forestry; - fruit production; - pasture farming; - fields of three-field crop rotation; - area of ​​cattle breeding production.

Slide 8

J. Thünen proved that the optimal layout of agricultural production is a system of concentric circles (Thünen rings) of different diameters around the central city, separating the zones for different types of agricultural activities.

The work of J. Thunen was the first and very indicative example of the use of abstract mathematical models in the theory of spatial economics. Its important methodological significance is recognized in the new economic science.

The main discovery of the German scientist W. Launhardt, whose main work was published in 1882, is a method for finding the optimal location of an individual industrial enterprise in relation to sources of raw materials and sales markets. The decisive factor in the location of production for W. Launhardt, as well as for Thunen, is transportation costs. Production costs are assumed to be equal for all points in the study area. The point of optimal location of the enterprise depends on the weight ratios of the goods transported and the distances. To solve this problem, W. Launhardt developed the weight (or location) triangle method - one of the first physical models in economic science used to solve theoretical and practical problems.

Slide 10

W. Launhardt's location triangle

Slide 11

Theory of the industrial stand by A. Weber

The main work of the German economist and sociologist A. Weber “On the location of industry: the pure territory of the standart” was published in 1909. The scientist set himself the task of creating a general “pure” theory of production location based on the consideration of an isolated enterprise. He made a significant step forward compared to J. Thunen and W. Launhardt, introducing new production location factors into the theoretical analysis in addition to transport costs and setting a more general optimization problem: minimizing total production costs, and not just transport costs.

Slide 12

Three location factors are analyzed: transport, labor, agglomeration. Accordingly, three main orientations in placement are distinguished: transport, work and agglomeration. To find a transport point (stand) (a place where, taking into account the location of the consumer center and sources of raw materials, the minimum value of transport costs occurs), the weight (location) triangle of V. Launhardt is used. To determine the industrial standard, taking into account the combined influence of factors of transport costs and labor, A. Weber resorts to constructing the so-called isodapane. Graphically, such lines can be represented in the form of closed curves that are described around the minimum transport point and connect points of equal deviations in transport costs when moving production to work points.

Slide 13

Transport and work points and isodapanes

Slide 14

Transport points and agglomeration area of ​​production

Slide 15

The theory of central places by V. Christaller.

The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work “Central Places in Southern Germany,” published in 1993. He substantiated his theoretical conclusions with empirical data.

Slide 16

V. Kristaller calls central places economic centers that serve not only themselves with goods and services, but also the population of their surroundings (sales zones). According to V. Kristaller, over time, service and sales areas tend to form into regular hexagons (honeycombs), and the entire populated area is covered with hexagons without gaps (Kristaller lattice). This minimizes the average distance for product distribution or travel to centers for purchases and services. V. Christaller's theory explains why some goods and services should be produced (provided) in every settlement (essential products), others - in medium-sized settlements (regular clothing, basic household services, etc.), others - only in large cities (luxury goods, theaters, museums, etc.)

Slide 17

Placement of service areas and settlements according to the theory of V. Christaller

Slide 18

B) Theories of regional specialization and interregional trade

The theoretical principles of industrial specialization of regions and interregional trade were formally first derived within the framework of theories of international economic relations, i.e. internationalists, not regionalists. First of all, we should mention the classics of English political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, as well as the Swedish economists E. Hecksher and B. Ohlin.

Slide 19

Theories of absolute and comparative advantage by A. Smith and D. Ricardo

The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the technical absolute advantages that a particular country (we mean a region) has. Each country (region) must specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced significantly further in theory than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages represent only a special case of the general principle of the rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) that have higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange by playing on cost differences.

Slide 20

Heckscher-Ohlin theory

In the 30s already XX century. Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin developed the theory of international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the relationship between the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) must export products of intensive use of surplus (relatively non-deficient) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize “factor prices”; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.

Slide 21

D) General theory of location The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Lesha

The main work of the German scientist A. Losch (A. Losch) "Spatial organization of the economy" (1940). The pinnacle of A. Losch's teaching is the development of the fundamental principles of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium. A. Losch significantly expands the composition of factors and conditions considered in location of enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with the whole variety of microeconomics tools. He analyzes the situation of locating firms in a competitive environment, when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits. , but also by increasing the number of firms filling the entire market space, A. Loesch proved the optimality of the hexagonal placement of firms (at the vertices of regular hexagons).

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A. Loesch gave a detailed mathematical description of the market functioning of the system of producers and consumers, where each economic variable is tied to a specific point in space. The state of equilibrium, according to A. Loesch, is characterized by the following conditions: 1) the location of each firm has the maximum possible advantages for producers and consumers; 2) firms are located so that the territory is fully used; 3) there is equality of prices and costs (no excess income); 4) all market zones have a minimum size (in the shape of a hexagon); 5) the boundaries of market arenas pass along lines of indifference (isolines), which, according to A. Loesch, ensures the stability of the found equilibrium. The greatest scientific achievement of A. Loesch, which raises him above all theorists of spatial economics until the middle of the 20th century, is the development of the fundamental foundations of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium.

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DOMESTIC SCHOOL OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC STUDIES

Interest in the territorial economic and state structure was shown by such scientists as M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev, K.I. Arsenyev, D.I. Mendeleev, D.I. Richter, N.G. Chernyshevsky and many others. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, regional studies in Russia concentrated mainly on the study of natural productive forces, socio-economic geography, natural and economic zoning, regional statistics, problems of regional markets. The first regional studies in Russia were associated with problems of zoning, with the division of a huge territory Russian Empire into administrative units. For a long time, it was the administrative-territorial structure of our state that was the basis for economic zoning.

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The economic zoning of Russia was first considered back in the 18th century. Already in the works of V.N. Tatishchev and M.V. Lomonosov (he was the first to use the term “economic geography”) materials appeared on the elements of interaction between nature, population and economy. Later - in the 19th - early 20th centuries. - major scientific studies appear on zoning by K. I. Arsenyev (“Outlining the statistics of the Russian state”), N. P. Ogarev (“Experience of statistical distribution of the Russian Empire”), V. P. Semenov (“Trade and industry of European Russia by regions "), D. I. Mendeleev ("Factory industry and trade of Russia"), A. F. Fortunatova ("On the issue of agricultural areas in Russia"), A. N. Chelintseva, S. Yu. Witte, V. I. Vernadsky, A. I. Skvortsov and others.

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Regional economic research in the USSR developed under strong state influence; since the late 1920s they were strictly focused on the tasks of planned management.

Theoretical and methodological research on regional economics in the USSR before the active entry into world science and the transition to market relations was concentrated around three problems: patterns, principles and factors of the distribution of productive forces; economic zoning; methods of planning and regulation of territorial and regional development. The most prominent authorities among Soviet regionalists - economists and geographers - were I.G. Alexandrov, N.N. Baransky, B.C. Nemchinov, N.N. Nekrasov, A.E. Probst, Yu.G. Saushkin, Ya. G. Feigin, R. I. Shniper.

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Genesis of domestic theories of regional development

The first stage: 20-70 years of the XX century - the beginning of large-scale practical territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the formation of a regional economy. Second stage: 1960-1990 - characterized by a radical restructuring of territorial economic research, the emergence and initial development of a planned economy of the regional economy. The third stage: from the beginning of the 1990s - was accompanied by the adaptation of the regional economy and management to market relations.

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The development of the theory of regional economics is carried out along two main lines: 1) expansion and deepening of the content (subject) of research (adding classical theories with new factors, studying and understanding new processes and phenomena, emphasizing complex problems that require an interdisciplinary approach); 2) strengthening the research methodology (especially the use of mathematical methods and computer science).

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Modern directions of development of theoretical research

new paradigms and concepts of the region; placement of activities; spatial organization of the economy; interregional interactions.

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New paradigms and concepts of the region

In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region appeared only as a concentration of natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, and the service sector. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multidimensional system. The most widespread are four regional paradigms: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.

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Placement of activity

New objects of the theory are the placement of innovations, telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructured and convertible industrial and technological complexes. An important stage in the development of the theory of location was the study of the process of creation and diffusion of innovations. T. Hagerstrand put forward the theory of diffusion of innovations. The theory of the regional life cycle is closely related to the theory of diffusion of innovations. In accordance with this theory, regional economic policy should concentrate on creating favorable conditions for the innovation stage in less developed regions, for example, in the form of creating educational and scientific centers (technopolises, science cities, etc.).

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Spatial organization of the economy

Theories of structuring and effective organization of economic space are based on the functional properties of the forms of spatial organization of production and settlement - industrial and transport hubs, agglomerations, territorial production complexes, urban and rural settlements of various types. The theory of growth poles has become widely accepted. The idea of ​​growth poles, put forward by the French economist F. Perroux, is based on the idea of ​​the leading role of the sectoral structure of the economy and, first of all, the leading industries that create new goods and services. The theory of growth poles was developed in the works of P. Pothier on the axes of development. In modern practice of spatial economic development, the ideas of growth poles are implemented in the creation of free economic zones, technopolises, and technoparks.

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Interregional economic interactions

The modern theory of interregional economic interactions (or interaction of regional economies) includes and integrates particular theories of the location of production and production factors, interregional economic relations, and distribution relations.

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