Formation of the Solar System
The solar system was formed approximately 5 billion years ago as a result of the compression of a gas and dust cloud, its dimensions are very impressive: the diameter of the orbit of the farthest dwarf planet Pluto is 15 trillion kilometers, a light beam overcomes them in 11 hours. Meanwhile, the solar system makes up only a very small part of our Galaxy - the Milky Way, whose diameter is about 100 thousand light years. We earthlings live almost halfway from the center of the Galaxy to its edge - 27 thousand light years in both directions.
What is the Sun?
The Sun, the only star and the central body of the solar system, rotates around the galactic center at a speed of 220 km/s and completes a full revolution in 226 million years—that’s how long a galactic year lasts. Compared to an earthly year - 365 days - the size of the Galaxy seems simply enormous. The sun is a celestial body - the source of light, heat and life on Earth.
In its structure, the Sun is a huge ball of gas, inside and on the surface of which extremely high temperatures have been maintained for billions of years. The process of converting hydrogen into helium is constantly happening on the Sun.
Scientists call this process a thermonuclear reaction. Hydrogen makes up 74% of the mass of the solar core, helium makes up 25% of this mass. When one chemical element is converted to another, hydrogen particles combine to form heavier particles, and at the same time large amounts of energy are released in the form of heat and light.
Due to the high temperature, gas particles on the Sun - atomic nuclei and free electrons - move at crazy speed. Each nucleus of an atom contains particles called protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge, but neutrons have no charge. Atoms of different elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons and neutrons, which serve as a kind of “building blocks” for construction. Each nucleus of a hydrogen atom contains one proton, and each nucleus of a helium atom contains two protons and two neutrons.
When four hydrogen nuclei combine together, they form one helium nucleus, photons, and other small particles. It is photons that represent light scattering in all directions. According to scientists, every second about four million tons of matter are converted into radiant energy in the solar core. This energy dissipates into space and reaches the Earth. It is worth noting that near the solar core the temperature is about 14 million degrees, and the radiation power reaching our planet is approximately 1000 watts per square meter of surface.
Copernicus' heliocentric system
The sun in Greek is called Helios. The Greeks believed that Helios lived in the east in a beautiful palace, surrounded by the seasons - summer, winter, spring and autumn. When Helios leaves his palace in the morning, the stars go out, night gives way to day. The stars reappear in the sky when in the evening Helios disappears in the west, where he transfers from his chariot to a beautiful boat and sails across the sea to the place of sunrise.
In Ancient Rus' they also worshiped the Sun God. They called him Yarilo and in his honor every year in the spring they organized festivals and festivities.
For a very long time, people believed that the stationary Earth rests in the center of the Universe, and all celestial bodies, including the Sun, move around it. (This model is called geocentric: the Greek word “geo” means “Earth.”) Astronomers had a lot of difficulties in studying the movements of stars and planets. It turned out that they were moving along intricate trajectories, making complex loops and zigzags.
But finally, in the 16th century, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric system of the world. It was based on the following statements:
1) in the center of the world is not the Earth, but the Sun;
2) The Earth rotates around its axis;
3) The Earth, like all other planets, revolves around the Sun in a circle.
With the discovery of Copernicus, everything fell into place: it became clear how the planets move around the Sun, and an explanation was found for the apparent movement of the Sun among the stars. The Sun holds with its gravity the planets and their satellites, asteroids, meteorites and other bodies that revolve around it in one direction in elliptical orbits. The planet Mercury closest to the Sun has the highest angular velocity - it makes a full revolution around the Sun in just 88 Earth days; the most distant planet Neptune is 165 years away. Between them are Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. Pluto, discovered in 1930, was considered a planet until August 24, 2006. On that day, based on the latest research results, the International Astronomical Union revoked this status.
Why does the sun shine and warm?
The Sun is located 150 million kilometers from the Earth. Despite such a literal cosmic distance, all vital processes on our planet depend on the Sun.
We could not exist if the Sun suddenly stopped shining and warming. Our planet would become cold and dead. It would become so cold on Earth that not only the water in rivers, seas and oceans would freeze, but even the air that people, animals and plants breathe. Solar radiation supports life on Earth, influences weather and climate, and is involved in photosynthesis.
And the Sun shines and warms because it is very hot: at the surface - almost 6 thousand degrees, and in the center - 15 million degrees. At this temperature, iron and other metals not only melt, but turn into hot gases. This means that the Sun is a huge, massive ball consisting of hot gas. In fact, even tiny particles - atoms, from which all living and nonliving things in nature generally consist, cannot exist on the Sun. Atoms, which are very strong on Earth, are split into even smaller particles on the Sun. Every second, 4.26 million tons of solar matter are converted into energy, but this is an insignificant amount compared to the mass of the Sun. Even at a great distance, the Sun can melt ice, raise the temperature of water in rivers and seas, warm or cool the Earth - it can do everything!
How does the inside of the Sun maintain a temperature of millions of degrees all the time? This is a very complex and important question that many astronomers and physicists have pondered for a long time. Now almost all of them have no doubt that thermonuclear reactions take place in the central part of the Sun, as a result of which hydrogen is converted into helium. Moreover, the density of the substance there is 150 times greater than the density of water and 7 times greater than the density of the heaviest metal on Earth - osmium. Such an extraordinary “bonfire” has been burning inside the Sun for billions of years. And while it burns there, the Sun will send light and warmth to each of us and all living things on Earth. Many people wonder: what will happen when the Sun goes out? Scientists answer: there is no need to fear such a turn in the near future. The sun can only go out after it has consumed all the hydrogen it contains and the process of its transformation into helium has stopped. But over the entire existence of the Solar System, less than half of the hydrogen present on the Sun has turned into helium. This means that the Sun will shine and warm for a very long time.
Human observations of the Sun
The first astronomical instrument for observing the Sun was an ordinary stick. It was once used by ancient astronomers. A stick is a very simple tool, of course, but if you stick it vertically into the ground, you can observe the shadow it casts when illuminated by the Sun. In astronomy it is called a “gnomon”. The higher the Sun rises, the shorter the shadow from the gnomon. The shortest shadow occurs at noon, when the Sun is in the south, at the highest point of its path.
People have come up with different ways to determine the distance to celestial bodies - the Moon, the Sun, the stars. This required mathematics, very precise measuring instruments, and much more. But the most important assistant in determining the distance to stars and planets was the light beam. There is nothing more agile than a beam; only it can fly as much as 300 thousand kilometers in one second. For example, a light beam from the Sun reaches the Earth in 8 minutes 20 seconds and during this time flies almost 150 million kilometers - this is exactly the distance from the Sun that our Earth is located. +It is very difficult to imagine 150 million kilometers; in ordinary life, people do not have to deal with such distances. If a person goes from Moscow to St. Petersburg, he only has to drive or fly about 700 kilometers. Thousands of kilometers separate Moscow from Vladivostok. Tens of thousands of kilometers will need to be covered to travel around the world. Of course, astronauts were the fastest to orbit the Earth. For example, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, the world's first cosmonaut, circled the Earth in 108 minutes at the first cosmic speed - 8 km/s. And even at the second escape velocity - 11.2 km/s - it would take several months to fly to the Sun.
When people found out how far the Sun was from the Earth, they realized that it was very large. What can we compare the Sun with to understand how big it is? Probably the best thing is with the Earth on which we live. Let's try to imagine a huge empty ball as big as the Sun, and many “small” balls the size of the Earth. How many “small” balls will fit in one big one? It turns out, 1 million 300 thousand! The diameter of the Earth is 12,756.2 kilometers, and the Sun is 109 thousand times larger. The Sun contains about 99.8 percent of the mass of all bodies in the Solar System taken together, which is approximately 2,1027 tons.
Why do solar eclipses occur?
We often have to observe how, on a clear sunny day, the shadow of a cloud, driven by the wind, runs across the Earth and reaches the place where we are. The cloud hides the Sun. During a solar eclipse, the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun and hides it from us. +Our planet Earth rotates during the day around its axis, at the same time moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in a year. The Moon, a satellite of our Earth, moves around the Earth and completes a full revolution in 27.3 days. The relative position of all three celestial bodies changes all the time. As it moves around the Earth, the Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun. The Moon is a dark, opaque solid ball; it, like a huge curtain, covers the Sun.
A solar eclipse can only occur during a new moon, when the Moon faces the Earth with its dark, unlit side. The Moon, compared to the Sun, is almost 400 times closer to us, and at the same time its diameter is also approximately 400 times smaller than the diameter of the Sun. Therefore, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are almost the same, and the Moon can thus cover the Sun.
The distances of the Sun and Moon from the Earth do not remain constant, but change slightly, since the orbits of the Earth around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth are not circles, but ellipses. In this regard, solar eclipses are total, when the Moon completely covers the Sun, or annular, when the Moon is at its greatest distance from the Earth and the lunar disk is smaller than the solar one. If the Moon passes not in the middle of the Sun, but along the edge, it is said to be a partial eclipse.
The shadow that the Moon casts on the Earth moves along the Earth's surface at a speed of 1 km/s, i.e. faster than a rifle bullet. The diameter of the shadow spot is less than 270 km. +The band of a solar eclipse is very small compared to the surface area of the Earth. Around the shadow spot there is a penumbra region, it is much larger (6-7 thousand km). There is a partial eclipse here.
from Wikipedia, photo from the Internet
Lesson on the topic: "The sun is a source of light and heat"
Class: 1
Target setting: systematization and expansion of knowledge about the Sun as a source of heat and light, its role for living organisms and humans.
Basic concepts: Sun, light, warmth.
describe the star closest to Earth - the sun; explain the importance of the sun as a source of heat and light; use various techniques in describing the sun (comparison, juxtaposition), supplement the description with artistic images (proverbs, sayings, fairy tales)Metasubject:
Regulatory : understand the educational task, perform actions according to the model and under the guidance of the teacher, realize the difficulties that arise;
Cognitive : name the characteristic features of an object; compare objects;
Communication : take part in discussion, be able to work in a group, listen and hear each other, construct small monologue statements
Personal: a positive attitude towards learning, towards cognitive activity, a desire to acquire new knowledge, to recognize difficulties and strive to overcome them, the ability to self-assess one’s actions, deeds, interest and respect for nature.
value attitude towards the surrounding world
Equipment: A3 paper, markers, rays, cards with words, cut letters, multimedia presentation, projector, balls, orange, globe, lamp.
Preliminary work:
Conversation about the solar system
Drawing the sun for an exhibition;
Selection of chants, songs about the sun
Observing the sun during the day;
Conducting a small study on the topic “Observing plants standing in different places: where there is enough sunlight and where there is a lack of it.”
Progress of the lesson:
Class organization. Emotional mood
Mood children to work.
− Hello guys! Hello, dear guests! I'm very glad to see you.
Well done, everyone is ready for the lesson.
Let your eyes not just look, but see and notice everything. Let your ears not just listen, but hear everything. And do not let your tongues run ahead of your mind.
Now repeat after me:
Let our kind smile, (hands to lips)
Will warm everyone with its warmth, (hands to heart)
Reminds us of how important it is in life (hands forward)
Share happiness and goodness! (hands to the side)
II. Motivation for activity
Let's talk
(The guys watch an excerpt from the cartoon “The Lion Cub and the Turtle.”)slide 1
What is the name of this cartoon?(Lion Cub and Turtle)
What mood are these characters in? Why? How do you think? What are we going to talk about?(Oh sun)
That's right, guys. Let's talk about the sun.Slide 2
Each of us has a family, and the planet Earth on which we live has its own large family.
Have you already guessed what it's called?
(the word SOLAR SYSTEM appears).Slide3
Who is the boss in this family?(Sun)
That's right, of course the sun. Why is he in charge?
(The sun is of great importance for plants, animals, and humans)
Guys, you have cut letters on your tables, you need to try to make a word out of them. We work as a friendly family!
- If you are ready, raise your hands (raise using the law of friendship “hut”)
Collecting words"Warmth and Light".
What did we get? What's the connection?
- So, the topic of our lesson:
-Sun-source (ready)
warmth and light. (come out later) slide 4
-What does the word source mean?
(The start of something).
III. Main part. Introduction to the concept of "sun".
Brainstorm.
Let's brainstorm.
- What will happen on Earth if the Sun suddenly goes out?
Continue the sentence: If there was no sun, then...
What similar fairy tale have we read?
(“Stolen Sun”, K. Chukovsky)
Teacher. So, the Sun warms us and illuminates us during the daytime. So why does it emit light and heat? To answer this question, let's do a little researchth research. Slide 5
What do you see on the slide?(fire, electric lamp, candle). Why do I want to show them to you too?(They also emit light and heat)
( a red-hot lamp and a globe are shown to the children)
Now we can conclude that the Sun is also... slide 6 sun)
( Hot body)
Can you put your hands close to them? How about flying up to the sun?
Guys, what is interesting about our flower that is in the closet?
What can we conclude?
Fizminutka
Circle of Joy
I'm turning to you, friend!
Get up in a circle with us soon!
Feel the joy and warmth
And how good it is to be with friends!
Game with orange.
An orange is passed along to the music, and the name they stop at is read.
All: Sun!!!
You are so pure
Good, radiant!
If we could get you,
We would kiss you!
Comparison of Earth and Sun (orange and poppy)
Why does he seem small to us?
Group work
Arrival of aliens (accompanied by cosmic music) slide
"Dear first graders , we ask you to find out all the information about the closest star to us - Sol tse and send your messages to our galaxy ».
Well, guys, let's help the aliens. There are words on your tables, we need to read them, stick them on our route sheet and explain them to the aliens.
1st group:
Star, ball, dwarf, photons, rays, life, Earth, nature, hare
Solar system.
2nd group
Hot, bright, clear, generous, dark, radiant, light, sparkling, sad, red.
IV .Final part
- Guys, what does the sun look like?
Tell me, is it true that on sunny days you are much less likely to be in a bad mood?
Let's give each other a good mood, love and warmth. (I hand out yellow balloons). Guys, draw a sun and give it to your friend so that he is in a good mood, so that his soul is warm and joyful. Let's give each other a song! (The song “Let there always be sunshine!” plays).
I thank you for your work. Well done!
The sun is a source of heat and light
Objectives: to form the idea that the Sun is a source of light and heat;
develop the ability to think, reason, prove;
cultivate a caring attitude towards nature. Progress of observation
What is needed for the growth of plants and animals?
What does the sun give?
The sun is the source of light, heat and life on Earth. Light and heat spread in all directions from it. If the Sun became cold, the Earth would plunge into darkness. All plants and animals would die from the cold and darkness.
The sun is a red-hot spherical body; it can be compared to a burning stove, red-hot iron.
A hot substance emits light, i.e. shines. The Sun also shines, its light reaches the Earth, which is why we are so warm and light during the day. Light from the Sun reaches the Earth in 8 minutes 19 seconds. The sun shines unusually strongly, so even if we are at a great distance from it, we cannot look at it directly, it hurts our eyes. Except the light
Heat emanates from hot bodies. So the Sun gives off heat to other planets, as well as to our Earth. Therefore, we bask in the sun, we feel warm.
Research activities
Offer to look at the sun and answer questions.
How do you feel when you turn your face to the sun?
Is it possible to look at it directly, does it hurt your eyes?
Place two pebbles. One is in the sun, the other is in the shade, covered with a wooden box so that it is dark there. After a while, check which pebble is warmer. Conclude that objects heat up faster in the sun than in the shade.
Labor activity
Helping younger children clean up the area.
Goal: to develop hard work and a desire to help children.
Outdoor game
Firefighters in training.
Goals: to strengthen the ability to climb walls;
develop attention. Individual work Hit the hoop.
Goal: practice throwing at a target.
Observing carrots and beets in the garden
Objectives: learn to conduct a comparative analysis of vegetables;
consolidate ideas about the characteristic features of vegetables, name the conditions necessary for their growth.
Progress of observation
Aunt Thekla - Red beets. 1 You salads, vinaigrettes
Decorate with scarlet color. There is nothing more delicious and richer than borscht.
The teacher asks the children questions.
What vegetables grew in the garden? (Beets, carrots.)
What happened to the plants compared to spring? (The tops grew on the ground, and tubers grew in the ground.)
What helped the plants grow? (Sun, moisture, human care.)
Name the characteristic features of carrots. (Carrots are an oblong-shaped vegetable, orange in color, with green tops.)
Name the characteristic features of beets. (Beets are a round-shaped vegetable, red in color, with green tops.)
What can you make from these vegetables? (Salads, borscht.)
What are the benefits of beets and carrots? (They contain a lot of vitamins.)
Research activity: Identify carrot and beet seeds (color, size). Dig up beets and carrots for seed planting in a group.
Labor activity Harvesting in the garden. Goals: learn to dig vegetables;
cultivate a desire to work in a team. Outdoor game
Name the vegetables.
Goal: learn the names of vegetables and catch the ball. Individual work
Improving running technique (lightness, speed, bending your knees).
Goal: to develop coordination of movements.
Observation of mushrooms on the ecological trail
Goal: to develop cognitive activity in the process of forming ideas about mushrooms and rules of behavior in nature.
Progress of observation
An important fat boletus grew up near the path.
The mushroom on a strong leg is accustomed to respect. When we see that he is close, it is difficult for us to pass by. We immediately bow low - a porcini mushroom got in the way! Cut it carefully, do not damage the mycelium, in this place in a year a new mushroom will be born.
Mushrooms are amazing plants, a free product of nature. We don’t sow or plant them; in the same place where we cut mushrooms today, we get them again tomorrow.
When the first porcini mushrooms appear, it is a wonderful summer time. The forest is then unusually beautiful, the air is clean. Warm summer rains create favorable conditions for the rapid development and fruiting of mushrooms. They grow wherever there is birch, spruce and pine. They grow in clearings, forest edges, abandoned forest roads, on the slopes of old ditches and ravines.
The world of mushrooms is large and diverse. All mushrooms can be divided into edible and inedible.
Which mushrooms are edible and which are not? (Boletus, boletus, boletus, saffron milk cap, milk mushroom, volushka, russula, chanterelle, morel, honey mushrooms are edible, and inedible are toadstool, fly agaric.)
How do edible mushrooms differ from inedible ones? (Edible mushrooms can be eaten, but inedible ones cannot - you can get poisoned.)
Name the medicinal mushroom of moose. (Fly agaric.)
To ensure that the source of edible mushrooms is not disturbed, it is necessary to treat mushrooms carefully and wisely, even those that are not eaten. It is the duty of every person to protect them from extermination. Everyone needs to know the rules of behavior in nature: Do not knock down mushrooms, even inedible ones. Remember that mushrooms are very necessary in nature.
What can you cook from mushrooms? (Mushroom soup, caviar, solyanka. They can be pickled, salted, dried.)
Labor activity
Tidying up the flower beds on the site; seed collection; cleaning dry grass and leaves.
Goal: to develop hard work and a desire to help adults.
Outdoor game
Ball to the driver.
Goal: practice throwing and catching the ball with both hands.
Individual work
Development of movements.
Goal: to develop and improve motor skills.
Surveillance of special transport
Objectives: expand knowledge about special transport;
enrich your vocabulary. Progress of observation
The red car is rushing along the road, It needs to appear at its place as soon as possible. There is a fire that needs to be extinguished by an avalanche. Everyone is calling the red fire engine. 01 - these two numbers are often dialed, which means they are not always careful.
V. Miryasova
The teacher asks the children questions.
What special machines do you know? (Ambulance, fire, snow removal, watering, police.)
What are these machines for? (To help people.)
Why do they also call an ambulance to a fire? (To help victims of fire due to burns and smoke.)
Do cars driving with their sirens on stop at traffic lights? (No.)
Why? (They rush to help people.)
Name them. (Ambulance, fire and police.)
Labor activity
Together with the teacher, cutting off broken, dry branches of bushes and trees with pruning shears, and cleaning them up.
Goal: learn to use pruning shears, remove only broken branches.
Outdoor games
Bees and bear cubs, Ball for the driver. Goals: to practice climbing gymnastic stairs in alternating steps;
practice throwing and catching a ball. Individual work
Game exercises with a skipping rope.
Goal: to strengthen the ability to jump rope by rotating it forward and backward.
The sun is the nearest star.
Sun is a hot ball of gas located at a distance of 150 million km from the Earth. The sun has a complex structure. The outer layer is an atmosphere of three shells. Photosphere- the lowest and thickest layer of the solar atmosphere, approximately 300 km thick. Next shell -- chromosphere, 12-15 thousand km thick.
Outer shell -- solar corona silver-white in color, the height of which is up to several solar radii. It does not have clear outlines and changes shape over time. The corona matter constantly flows into interplanetary space, forming the so-called solar wind, which consists of protons (Hydrogen nuclei) and helium atoms.
The radius of the Sun is 700 thousand km, mass is 2 | 1030 kg The chemical composition of the Sun includes 72 chemical elements. Most of all is Hydrogen, followed by Helium (these two elements make up 98% of the mass of the Sun).
The Sun has existed in space for about 5 billion years and, according to astronomers, will exist for the same amount of time. The energy of the Sun is released as a result of thermonuclear reactions.
The surface of the Sun glows unevenly. Areas of increased brightness are called torches, and with a reduced level - spots. their the appearance and development is called solar activity. IN In different years, solar activity is not the same and has a cyclical nature (with a period from 7.5 to 16 years, on average - 11.1 years).
Often appear above the solar surface flashes-- unexpected bursts of energy that reach the Earth within a few hours. Solar flares are accompanied magnetic storms, as a result of which strong chaotic electric currents arise in the conductors, which disrupt the operation of electrical networks and devices. Earthquakes can occur in seismically active areas.
During years of increased solar activity, tree growth increases. During these same periods, karakurts, locusts, and fleas reproduce more actively. It has been discovered that during years of high solar activity, not only epidemics (cholera, dysentery, diphtheria), but also pandemics (influenza, plague) occur.
In humans, the nervous and cardiovascular systems are most vulnerable to changes in solar activity. Even in healthy people, motor reactions and perceptions of time change, attention is dulled, sleep deteriorates, which affects professional activity. The number of leukocytes decreases and immunity decreases, which increases the body’s susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Solar system.
The Sun, major and minor planets, comets and other celestial bodies that revolve around the Sun make up Solar system.
One revolution of a planet around the Sun is called year. The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer its revolution is and the longer the year on this planet is (see table).
Although all the planets revolve around the Sun at different speeds, they move in the same direction. Once every 84 years, all the planets are on the same line. This moment is called parade of planets.
All major planets, except Mercury and Venus, have satellites, which revolve around them. The Earth has one satellite - the Moon, Saturn - 17, Jupiter - 16, Mars - 2. Also, many revolve around the Sun minor planets, among them there are also stone ridges measuring 5-10 km.
Major and minor planets move in such a way that their distance from the Sun remains almost unchanged. Comets either move away from the Sun or approach it. 3. The sun is the source of light and heat on Earth.
The Earth is located at such a distance from the Sun that water exists on it in the form of liquid. A unique combination of temperature, light and the presence of water made possible the origin and development of life on our planet.
Under the influence of sunlight, plants undergo the process of photosynthesis - the formation of organic substances from inorganic ones. A by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen. As a result of photosynthesis, an oxygen atmosphere was formed on Earth.
Observation. All plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) need light. The leaves on the shoots are arranged in such a way that everyone receives their portion of light - this arrangement of leaves is called a leaf mosaic. Throughout the day, plants return their leaves and flowers to the sun. In indoor flowers, the leaves return towards the window.