Ramon Mercader, who liquidated Trotsky, was awarded the star of the Hero of the Soviet Union in the Kremlin personally by the head of the KGB, Alexander Shelepin.
***
Ramon Mercader (full name Jaime Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernandez) was born in Barcelona into a wealthy Spanish family. He was recruited by the NKVD of the USSR with the help of his mother Maria Caridad, who was an agent of Soviet intelligence. Under the leadership of one of the leaders of Soviet intelligence, N.I. Eitingon, he prepared an assassination attempt on Leon Trotsky, who was expelled from the USSR in 1929, and deprived of Soviet citizenship in 1932, who initiated the creation of the “Fourth International” in 1938 and was considered the leadership of the CPSU (b) the worst enemy of the USSR and Soviet power.
In September 1939, Ramon Mercader became close to Sylvia Ageloff, who was part of Trotsky's entourage. With her help, I met Trotsky, who liked him.
On August 20, 1940, Mercader arrived at Trotsky’s Mexican villa under the pretext of showing him his article, and when he began to read it, he inflicted a wound on Trotsky’s head with an ice pick, from which he died the next day. After his arrest, Mercader, explaining his act as an act of retaliation against a lone fighter, refused to testify.
A Mexican court sentenced him to 20 years in prison. Ramon Mercader served his entire sentence, was released on May 6, 1960 and taken to Cuba, and then secretly transported by ship to the USSR.
After some time, he received documents in Moscow in the name of Ramon Ivanovich Lopez. The Soviet intelligence operation, codenamed "Duck", was finally completed. And the then chairman of the KGB of the USSR, Alexander Shelepin, introduced N.S. Khrushchev petitioned to award Comrade Lopez the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Particularly emphasized was the fact that for all 20 years Ramon Ivanovich “kept secret his connection with the state security agencies of the Soviet Union.” The secret decree conferring a high rank on Lopez was signed by the then Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council L.I. Brezhnev on May 31, 1960. By a special decision of the CPSU Central Committee, Ramon Ivanovich Lopez was enrolled in the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the CPSU Central Committee as a senior researcher. He received a state dacha, a spacious apartment in Moscow, and then a substantial pension. A few years later, in the early 70s, he was allowed to travel to Cuba with his family. There he advised Cuban comrades at the request of Fidel Castro. It was there, in Cuba, that Ramon Mercader died in October 1978. According to the last will of the deceased, his ashes were transported to Moscow. Here, at the Kuntsevo cemetery, his grave is located. On the granite monument is his photograph with the Hero’s star and the inscription: “Lopez Ramon Ivanovich. 1913-1978". And just below is his real name: “Ramon Merkader del Rio”.

50s

Passion for rock and roll.
From an interview with Mick Jagger (1996):
Rock and roll is infused with anger, which overcomes youth from boredom, from an attitude of rebellion... Black music brought sexuality to rock and roll. Violence has been a feature of rock 'n' roll since its earliest days.
From this confession of a rock music figure, the destructive social consequences of the introduction of rock music into society become clear. Immediately after rock music began being broadcast on radio in America in the mid-50s, there was an explosion of divorces.

The Monk Lavrentiy of Chernigov (Proskura) (1868-1950) reposed in the Lord.
- (1950-1953) US war in Korea.
- The great ancient script in China has been simplified. Ancient pictographic Chinese has become a dead language.

The structure of the DNA molecule has been discovered, the accidental occurrence of which is completely excluded. The rapid development of molecular biology left no field of activity for the theory of evolution. It is difficult to imagine that modern computers with modern operating systems created themselves, without purposeful design. The structure of molecules with billions of atoms and ultra-precise interactions is much more complex than a computer. For a critique of the theory of evolution by a molecular biologist, see Michael Denton. Evolution - A Theory In Crisis; Burnett Books, 1985, pp. 368). “It is now firmly established that the pattern of diversity at the molecular level forms a highly organized hierarchical system. At the molecular level, each class is unique, isolated from others and not connected by intermediate links. Thus, molecules, like fossils, do not confirm the presence of the mythical “intermediates” that evolutionary biologists are looking for and still cannot find. Again, the only relationships determined by modern methods are horizontal. At the molecular level, no organism can be called “ancestral,” “primitive,” or “advanced” in relation to “related organisms” (p. 290).

C.S. Lewis: The Chronicles of Narnia (1950–1956). E. Ionesco: “The Bald Soprano” (anti-drama): “Oh, by the way, how is the bald singer doing? - Thank you, okay, I changed my hairstyle...”

Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (1881-1950) died.
- “The Tale of the Stone Flower” by Prokofiev.
- Schneerson, “Music in the Service of Reaction.”

Article by M. Born “The state of ideas in physics and prospects for their further development.”

- † poet S.S. Bekhteev, officer of the White Army, author of poems of the Tsar cycle.

Dedicated to Their Imperial HighnessesGrand Duchesses Olga Nikolaevna and TatianaNikolaevna
Send us, Lord, patience,
In times of stormy, dark days,
To endure popular persecution
And the torture of our executioners.

Give us strength, O righteous God,
To forgive one's neighbor's crimes
And the cross is heavy and bloody
To meet with Your meekness.

And in the days of rebellious excitement,
When our enemies rob us,
To endure shame and humiliation
Christ, Savior, help!

Lord of the world, God of the universe!
Bless us with your prayer
And give rest to the humble soul,
In the unbearable hour of death...

And, at the threshold of the grave,
Breathe into the mouths of Your servants
Superhuman powers
Pray meekly for your enemies!

Yelets, October 1917
WITH the poem “Prayer” was sent in October 1917 through Countess A.V. Gendrikova to Their Imperial Highnesses in Tobolsk; after the execution, its text was discovered in the diary of Grand Duchess Olga.

J. R. R. Tolkien novel in 3 books “The Lord of the Rings” (1954–1955) The incredible popularity of this book. Named the most popular book of the twentieth century.

N. N. Nosov (1908–1976): Trilogy - The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends (1954), Dunno in the Sunny City (1958) and Dunno on the Moon (1971)

Since 1954, the government has adopted a number of decrees and decisions to change the architectural focus. In 1959, the construction of non-standard buildings without special permission from the USSR State Construction Committee was prohibited. Thus began the fight against “architectural excesses”: the construction of “khrushchubs” and block “cherries” throughout the country - the fulfillment of the prophecy of St. Cosmas of Aetholos (1714-1779): “cities will be like barracks.” Let us pay attention to the insidious lie in the name of the campaign: turning houses into standard boxes is a fight not against excesses in architecture, but against architecture itself, against the very idea of ​​beauty, which should inspire a person, pour into him the creative forces of the uplifting joy of life.

The term “placebo effect” was coined by the American physician Henry Beecher.
- On November 6, the world's first test of a hydrogen bomb was carried out in the USSR.
- “Corn is the horse that we need” (Khrushchev): the beginning of the promotion of the Secretary General’s favorite plant into unusual latitudes.

Germany joined NATO

Khrushchev returned to the policy of depopulation of the country: the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council of November 23, 1955 “On the abolition of the ban on abortion” was adopted, which led to a sharp reduction in the birth rate. Already in 1959, the number of abortions in Russia averaged 4 per woman of reproductive age. The rapid growth of abortions will continue until the removal of Khrushchev in 1964, when their maximum level in the entire previous history of Russia will be recorded - about 5.6 million, or 169 abortions per 1000 women of reproductive age. And in 1965, the ratio of births to abortions will be 100 to 278.

† blessed elder Nicholas of Totemsky

The First International Piano Competition named after P.I. opened in Moscow. Tchaikovsky.

November 28 - Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On measures to stop pilgrimages to the so-called “holy places.” Organized pilgrimages to seven hundred holy places registered by the authorities are prohibited. All monastery hotels were taken away, and it was forbidden to spend the night in monastery churches. To implement the decree, a secret instruction was prepared, which allowed the use of any methods to intimidate and prevent believers from accessing shrines.

On July 17, the US Congress passed Public Law 86-90 (P.L. 86-90) "On Captive Nations", aimed at dismembering Russia. The words of the Law are addressed to its people: “Because these captive nations see in the United States the citadel of human freedom, and seek its guidance in the cause of their liberation and independence and in the restoration of the religious freedoms of the Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist and other faiths, and personal liberties, and since it is vital to the national security of the United States to support the aspirations for freedom and independence expressed by the peoples of conquered nations... it is up to us to make clear to such Peoples in an appropriate and official manner the historical fact that the People of the United States share their aspirations for regaining freedom and independence ". Over the next 50 years after the adoption of this law, each of the US presidents took an oath to implement it. According to experts, its implementation cost American taxpayers more than $4 billion. The Soviet Union collapsed, but Public Law 86-90 has not been repealed and remains in effect to this day.

The hovercraft created by Christopher Coquerel made its first demonstration voyage.

Mikhail Svetlov. "Everything Higher":
We're rising higher, higher,
We are not writing to grandfather in the village,
Our voices fly to the constellations
And we know the addresses of all the planets.

- “Life on Borrow” by Remarque.

Late 50s - early 60s:

Loud poetry of the sixties.

April - American attempt to invade Cuba in the Playa Giron area with the aim of overthrowing the government led by Fidel Castro.

Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras offered Pope Paul VI a meeting in Jerusalem, at which the mutual anathema was lifted (however, lifting the anathema is possible only if the heretics publicly renounce their errors, which the Catholic Church does not intend to do).

The culmination of anti-religious hysteria in the USSR. The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of January 2, “Measures to strengthen anti-religious education of the population,” sets the task: the complete liquidation of the Church. But instead, the persecutor is eliminated. Removal of Khrushchev from all posts on the Feast of the Intercession of the Mother of God. The project of a monstrous spelling reform aimed at destroying society failed (it was proposed to write: hare, daughter, mouse, namazh, socialism, cucumbers, cheeks)

- (1964-1973) - US armed operation against the Pathet Lao front in Laos.
- Creation of the Taganka Theater.
- Creation of the ensemble “Madrigal”.
- Denisov, “Sun of the Incas.”
- Sviridov, “Kursk Songs”, “Wooden Rus'”.

Film "Fantômas" (display of the film in the USSR will lead to an increase in teenage crime).

- (1965-1973) US war in Vietnam.
- Vatican Council II (1962-1965): the mass was halved, brought to 45 minutes, the time of fasting before communion was reduced to one hour, the service was translated from Latin into national languages. The consequences of the reform, which tried to meet the world halfway, turned out to be catastrophic: the rejection of the Latin language sharply reduced attendance at divine services; between 1964 and 1972, 13,440 priests renounced their priesthood...
- The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which once again confirmed the revelation of the Bible that the creation of light preceded the appearance of the luminaries.

W. Churchill died. “Politicians think about future elections, government leaders think about future generations.”

The harshest winter of 65/66 (the Baltic Sea froze).

The first unmanned space probe, Luna 9, touched the surface of the Moon.
- France left the NATO military structure.

Venerable Sebastian of Karaganda

The Monk Sebastian of Karaganda (Stefan Vasilyevich Fomin, 1884-1966) reposed in the Lord.

Film by Andrei Tarkovsky "Andrei Rublev". It was released three years later, in 1969.

- “Wedding songs” by Y. Butsko.
- “Six pieces for harp and string quartet” by Ledenev.
- Pärt's Second Symphony.
- Schnittke's Second Violin Concerto.
- Shchedrin's second piano concerto.

Six-day war between Israel and Arab countries. Oil prices rose by 20 percent.

UN space legislation: states have no rights to celestial bodies, there is no mention of private ownership, which is why the lunar surface has been actively sold off since 1980.

The first international television broadcast (06/25/1967...
- “The Denisov Case” (an attempt at expulsion from the Union of Composers, deprivation of work at the Moscow Conservatory).
- Volkonsky, “Traveling Concert” (1964-67).
- Since the second half of the 60s - a reaction to the avant-garde (there is nothing more to fight with). A. Karamanov turns from avant-garde language to tonal language in connection with the turn to religious themes.
- Opera “Virineya” by S. Slonimsky.

The beginning of the unwinding of the world “youth” sexual revolution, constructed by adults, the most sinister and bloody in history. The explosive growth of infanticides (abortions) in four decades will lead to the extinction of the indigenous population of the USA, Europe, Christian countries of the CIS and Russia, to their replacement by people from the countries of Islam and other countries of the world - in the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Sibyls. Sibyls, virgin prophetesses among pagan peoples, were revered by Christian writers - Eusebius, Justin, Clement of Alexandria, Jerome, Augustine and others.

161 ... Alas, unfortunate people
162 The last kind of people in the world, terrible villains, how
163 They don’t understand, fools, that if wives don’t
164 Bear more children, will the human race fade away?
165 The time of harvest has come, since some, like prophets,
166 They will spread throughout the earth and invent many lies.
167 Then Belial will come and show many signs.
Books of the Sibyls, canto 2.

According to S.S. Averintseva, Belial is “the central antagonist of the work of Jesus Christ.” The Book of Sibyls is interpreted as the Antichrist.

The influenza pandemic of 1968-69 as a sign is a warning from God in response to the insane embitterment of life (compare with the pandemic of 1918-1919, which claimed 40-50 million lives).

Invasion of Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia.
- On the initiative of D. Rockefeller, the Club of Rome was created: images of global problems of humanity.
- “In the First Circle” and “Cancer Ward” by Solzhenitsyn.
- “Carpenter's stories by Vasily Ivanovich Belov.
- “Atomic Tale” by Yuri Kuznetsov:

I heard this happy tale
I'm already in the current mood,
How Ivanushka came out into the field
And he fired the arrow at random.

He went in the direction of the flight
Following the silver trail of fate.
And he ended up with a frog in a swamp,
Three seas from my father's hut.

- It will be useful for a just cause! -
He put the frog in the handkerchief.
Opened up her white royal body
And started an electric current.

She died in long agony,
Centuries beat in every vein.
And the smile of knowledge played
On the happy face of a fool.

The tale summed up the absurd discussion between “physicists” and “lyricists”.

The crisis in Stockhausen’s life and work: “In 1968 I was very close to death, to suicide... But then I found a super-religious path for myself.” His music becomes a vehicle for the occult.

Pärt's Credo.
- Concert-rhapsody for piano and orchestra by Khachaturian.
- “Rings” by Shchedrin.
- Pop culture: the beginning of art rock (“Genesis”).
- “Theater and Symphony” by V. Konen.

Death of Yuri Gagarin

The American military created the prototype of the Internet.
- First astronaut Neil Armstrong on the Moon. (There is a hypothesis about the falsification of the lunar epic by the Americans)

- “On Death and Dying” by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, who managed to get the dying to talk - the first scientific study of the psychology of dying. This pioneering work was followed by a number of others: the same researcher wrote “Death Does Not Exist” (1977). In order for our life to be correct and death too, we must remember the terrible phases of dying (No. 2 - insane rage, No. 4 - boundless horror), which scientifically confirmed the Biblical warning: “the death of sinners is cruel.”

- “Moscow - Petushki” by Venedikt Erofeev (1938-1990). Postmodernism.
- “Polyphonic Concert” (On Old Russian Church Themes) by Y. Butsko.

60s

- Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava (1924-1997), bard (poet-composer-performer), becomes an idol. Many years ago, Bulat Okudzhava’s wife Olga came to visit Father John (Krestyankin) at the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery. In the conversation, she complained that her husband was not baptized, and did not even want to be baptized, and was generally indifferent to the faith. To which Father John calmly told her: “Don’t worry, you will baptize him yourself.” She was completely amazed and only asked: “How can I baptize myself?” - “And that’s how you christen it!” - “What should I call him? Bulat is a non-Orthodox name.” “And you will call me, Ivan,” answered Father John and hurried about his business.
And before his death, in Paris, Bulat Shalvovich called his wife Olga and said that he wanted to be baptized. He was already leaving, it was too late to call the priest, but Olga knew that in such cases it was possible to baptize without a priest. She just asked him: “What should I call you?” He answered: “Ivan.” And she herself baptized him with the name John. And only then suddenly she remembered that fifteen years ago the elder of the Pskov-Pechersk Monastery told her about all this.
The judgment of God is different, the judgment of man is different. And the Lord, just and merciful, endlessly loving every person, gives everyone everything for the salvation of the soul. If only we ourselves, through our own foolishness, do not resist His good and wise will.

The Rise of the Sociology of Pop Culture.

Since the mid-60s - the transition to externalism (social, socio-psychological, economic context) - the politicization of art, aesthetics, music.
- Population biology, the study of population. The evolutionary unit is not a species, not an individual, but a population.
- Academicization of performance, narrowing of the repertoire.
- The story “Farewell to Matera” by V. Rasputin.
- A wave of esotericism came to Russia in the late 60s. Meilach Commission.
- A qualitative breakthrough in the development of information and communication technologies in the USA.

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Books

• , Azov Andrey. The book examines events from the history of early Soviet translation studies. Discusses how, from the 1920s to the 1950s and 1960s, theoretical and critical works on translation...
• Defeated literalists. From the history of literary translation in the USSR in the 1920-1960s, A. G. Azov. The book examines events from the history of early Soviet translation studies. Discusses how, from the 1920s to the 1950s and 1960s, theoretical and critical works on translation...

The international position of the USSR at the time of Stalin's death was characterized by tense relations and harsh confrontation with Western countries.

The post-Stalin leadership saw one of the means easing international tensions in intensifying and expanding contacts with Western countries and the world as a whole. In 1954 - 1956 Diplomatic ties with Germany and Austria were restored. Allied troops were withdrawn from Austria. It was proclaimed a united, democratic and neutral country. An agreement was signed to end the war with Japan, and diplomatic and trade relations were restored with it. Contacts were established with the leadership of Yugoslavia. Signed in 1955 The declaration provided for cooperation between the parties in the fields of economics, science and culture.

Particular attention was paid to developing relationships with developing countries - India, Indonesia, Egypt, Burma, Afghanistan, etc. The Soviet Union provided them with assistance in the construction of industrial and agricultural facilities. During N.S. Khrushchev’s tenure in power, about 6,000 enterprises were built in different countries of the world.

Changes in the foreign policy of the USSR, which began after the death of I.V. Stalin, were reflected in decisions XX Congress of the CPSU (February - March1956 g.), who proclaimed the possibility preventing world war (previously, Soviet diplomacy was based on the thesis about the inevitability of wars under imperialism). The main principle of the USSR's foreign policy was the principle peaceful coexistence . It included non-use of force or threat of force; non-interference in internal affairs; respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of borders; cooperation based on equality and mutual benefit. At the same time, it was emphasized that peaceful coexistence does not mean abandoning the class struggle, it is just that this struggle now takes the form of competition between two systems.

The decisions of the 20th Congress proclaimed a new course for Soviet foreign policy. But one cannot fail to take into account that this course was often carried out inconsistently; in practice, there were frequent deviations from the declared principles. The policy of confrontation between the two camps continued. And peaceful coexistence itself has been considered as a “form of class struggle” since the late 60s.

50s - 60s of the XX century. were a very controversial period. On the one hand, contacts between the leaders of the USSR and Western countries became more frequent, several summit meetings took place, and the problems of reducing the arms race were actively discussed. A number of agreements were concluded that significantly improved the international situation. IN 1963 1 The USSR, USA and England concluded agreement O nuclear testing ban V atmosphereouter space And under the water . This decision sharply reduced the danger of radioactive contamination of the planet. In 1970 the content of radioactive strontium-90 on the earth's surface was 5% of the 1966 level. These treaties reduced the risk of nuclear war, although the arms race continued. Thus, the United States increased the number of its ground-based strategic missiles from 294 in 1962. to 1054 in 1968 On the other hand, during this period the world experienced a number of acute international crises that brought humanity to the brink of war.

The most dangerous of them were Suez1956 G., Berlinsky1961 g. and Caribbean1962 G.

Suez crisis. In July 1952, King Farouk of Egypt was removed by the Revolutionary Command Council. The post of president and prime minister was soon occupied by Abdel Nasser . The British government entered into negotiations with the new government about the future of the Suez Canal, which was joint Anglo-French property. In February 1955, Great Britain refused to sell weapons to Egypt, which worsened relations between the countries. Egypt entered into an agreement on the supply of various types of weapons with the allies of the USSR. In July 1956, relations between the countries deteriorated further as a result of the fact that Great Britain and the United States, which had promised Nasser to help finance the construction of the Aswan Dam, refused to finance the project. In response to this refusal, Nasser's government announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal on July 26, 1956. IN October1956 In response to Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal, Anglo-Franco-Israeli aggression against this country began. The Soviet Union demanded an end to the aggression, threatening the use of military force. This was the first and successful attempt by the Soviet government to “ensure peace from a position of strength.” The USSR now had nuclear missile weapons and gained the opportunity, according to N.S. Khrushchev, to force “the imperialists, under the threat of the destruction of their countries, not to start a world war.”

Berlin crisis. After the Soviet Union actually handed over its sector of the occupation of Berlin to the GDR, the western sector still remained under the rule of the occupying forces of the United States, England and France. In this regard, the USSR demanded the end of the four-power rule of Berlin and the transformation of West Berlin into a demilitarized free city. Otherwise, according to the ultimatum, the Soviet Union intended to transfer control of access to the city to the authorities of the GDR and conclude a separate peace treaty with it. Satisfying this demand would eventually lead to the annexation of West Berlin to the GDR. The existence of a city like West Berlin gave rise to a lot of problems. Residents of the Western sector received free education at universities in the GDR, and then went to work in Germany. The standard of living in West Berlin could not be compared with the socialist part of the city, and emigration from East Berlin increased. In 1961, 207 thousand people left the country. On August 12, free movement between West and East Berlin was prohibited. The German communists acted decisively: all ordinary party members were mobilized on alert and created a human cordon along the border of East and West Berlin. They stood until all of West Berlin was surrounded by a concrete wall with checkpoints. This was a violation of the Potsdam Agreement, which provided for free movement within the city. For many years, the Berlin Wall became a symbol of confrontation; it was here that the border of the warring blocs was now located. On August 24, in response to the construction of the wall, about a thousand American troops, supported by tanks, were deployed along it. On August 29, the Soviet government announced a temporary delay in transferring to the reserve from the Soviet Armed Forces. In September - October 1961, the American military force in Germany was increased by 40 thousand people. On October 26–27, a conflict arose in Berlin. Soviet intelligence reported to Khrushchev about the impending American attempt to demolish the border barriers on Friedrichstrasse. In response, a tank company from the Soviet Guards Tank Regiment arrived at Friedrichstrasse. Soviet and American tanks stood opposite each other all night. Soviet tanks were withdrawn on the morning of October 28. After this, the American tanks were also withdrawn. This meant the end of the Berlin crisis. The Berlin Wall existed until 1990. This action caused sharp opposition from Western countries and led to increased confrontation in the center of Europe.

The most dangerous of the international crises was Caribbean which happened in October1962 d. As a result of the victory of the revolution and the overthrow of the pro-American dictatorial regime in 1959, power in Cuba was given to a “left-wing” government led by Fidel Castro , which embarked on the path of building socialism. The government of Fidel Castro carried out agrarian reform, nationalized industry, primarily American enterprises, and launched broad social reforms. This alienated many groups of the population. The result of the process was the mass emigration of the dissatisfied, mainly to the United States. A large group of opponents of Castro and his policies was created there. In April 1961, Cuban Ernesto Guevara and Fidel Castro emigrants, with the active support of the United States, landed an armed force on the southern coast of the island in order to organize a mass uprising against the new government, but the intervention was quickly stopped. After reflection in 1961 attempts of intervention from the United States, fearing its repetition, the governments of the USSR and Cuba decided to place Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba. The United States responded by establishing a naval blockade of Cuba and demanding the immediate withdrawal of the missiles. The USSR government regarded the US actions as aggressive and stated that in the event of an attack on Cuba or an attempt to intercept Soviet naval vessels, it would respond with a nuclear missile strike on US territory. The world was brought to the brink of war. Under these conditions, both sides showed realism and the ability to compromise. The USSR withdrew missiles from Cuba, the United States lifted the blockade, gave guarantees of non-interference in the internal affairs of Cuba, and agreed to liquidate its military bases in Turkey as compensation.

Relations within the so-called “ socialist camp " The policy of confrontation between the two blocs led to the desire to suppress any dissent. In words, the need to take into account national specifics and the sovereignty of socialist states was proclaimed, but in reality the Stalinist principle “who is not with us is against us” was carried out, the administrative-bureaucratic model of social structure was imposed, any attempt to conduct an independent policy was considered as treason to the cause of socialism. The USSR was still the “big brother”, determining the main directions of the Allies’ activities.

After the exposure of the “cult of Stalin” by the 20th Congress, democratization processes began in socialist countries. There was a change of Stalinist governments. Many victims of political repression were rehabilitated and released from prison. A number of them (L. Svoboda, V. Gomulka) subsequently headed the governments of their countries. The democratization process was extremely painful. IN Hungary V 1956 they resulted in an anti-communist uprising and civil war. Under these conditions, the USSR government decided to send Soviet troops into Hungary. This decision followed from the logic of confrontation between the two blocs, but sharply complicated the international situation, undermined the authority of the Soviet Union and split the world communist movement. During the same period, anti-Soviet protests intensified in Poland .

In the early 1960s, controversy arose with Yugoslavia , whose leadership was accused of “revisionism.” Not all countries agreed with the conclusions of the 20th Congress and criticism of Stalinism; leaders remained in Stalin's positions China , Albania , North Korea . In 1962 polemics with the Albanian Party of Labor led to a breakdown in interstate relations.

Since 1963 Friction between the CPSU and the CPC intensified. The first activities of the communist government China were quite moderate. IN agricultural sector Land, livestock and equipment in excess of a certain norm (in the size of the peasant allotment) were confiscated from landowners. Confiscated lands were transferred to the ownership of peasants egalitarian - Each peasant received ownership of a plot of land of about 6 acres. It was believed that this was enough to provide a living wage. In agriculture, peasant cooperation began to be carried out. At first the peasants united in labor mutual aid groups , in which private ownership of land and equipment was preserved. Gradually they moved to cooperatives socialist type, in which all income was distributed according to work. The cooperation was completed in 1957.

IN industry Only foreign enterprises were nationalized (railroads, half of the coal industry, 40% of the textile industry). Subsequently, the transformation of capitalist enterprises into mixed enterprises began. The capitalists received 25% of the profits, the rest went to the state. Gradually, former business owners turned into government employees. Industrialization began in the first five-year plan (1953-1957). Over the years of the Five-Year Plan, industrial production increased 2.4 times. The Anshan Iron and Steel Works, heavy engineering, automobile, and tractor factories were built. The Soviet Union alone built 170 enterprises in China. At the same time, light industry developed poorly. In 1957, there was one pair of leather shoes for every 26 people.

In 1956, at the 8th Congress of the CPC, a new course was proclaimed, which resulted in the victory of Mao Zedong’s ideas and the policies of the “Great Leap Forward” and “communization” (1958-1966). Subsequently, as a result of the struggle between the two lines, the “cultural revolution” of 1966-1976 was proclaimed, the main postulate of which was the strengthening of class struggle as socialism was built and China’s “special path” in building a state and society (denial of commodity-money relations, absence of non-state forms property, freezing foreign economic relations, public trials of dishonest politicians). To deal with political opponents, Mao created so-called units. "Red Guards" of students and youth who pursued a policy of terror.

In 1958, the course was proclaimed "Three Red Banners" "- general line Great Leap Forward and People's Communes . During the second five-year plan (1958-1962), it was planned to increase industrial production by 6.5 times, and agricultural production by 2.5 times. In China, peasants were also engaged in crafts. Hence the idea - if, in the intervals between seasonal field work, the peasants are forced to produce industrial products, then a sudden increase in industrial production can be achieved. To do this, it was necessary to subject the peasants to strict discipline. Peasants were united in "people's commune" . The commune also included industrial enterprises. The communes were governed by the state. All the peasants' property was pooled - income was divided equally. Material interest was replaced by military discipline - they even walked to work in formation. To increase metal production, it was decided that the peasants would smelt the metal themselves in primitive furnaces. Such ovens were built in every commune. As a result, all the smelted metal turned out to be unusable. Over the five-year period, industrial production was halved. The Great Leap Forward failed .

The Communist Party of China did not support the CPSU course of “de-Stalinization,” which led to a deterioration in interstate relations and even armed clashes on the border in the spring and summer of 1969. in the area of ​​Damansky Island (Far East) and Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). Throughout the 1970s, the People's Republic of China was seen as a potential adversary.

1950s

In the 1950s, the party proclaimed a new program for rural growth. The priority areas were increasing investment in agriculture, increasing purchase prices, and developing virgin lands. Women's magazines received a direct order to strengthen their propaganda work among female readers. New sections were introduced, special reports, essays, sketches, etc. were published.

In the second half of the 1950s, during the “thaw,” the degree of influence of political and economic propaganda decreased. To control the population, the press began to use moral and psychological methods of influencing the audience. The image of a Soviet woman became the standard for women's magazines, where, along with professional qualities, her spiritual world was also considered. In conversations with teachers and psychologists, education in women of the concepts of motherhood and family responsibilities was promoted. Public discussion was necessary to spread personal feelings and attention to appearance that are uncharacteristic of a woman in a totalitarian society. Women's magazines gradually began to publish materials about women's working conditions and the standard of living in the family, that is, the previous ideals were losing relevance. Many educational sections and materials began to appear in magazines. Gradually, magazines began to focus on helping women in everyday life and family life: applications for the whole family, sections on home economics, handicrafts, education, and psychology appeared. Socio-political women's publications began to acquire a universal character. 26]

In the 1950s, magazines began using reproductions of paintings by famous artists as illustrations. Readers tore out pages with them and hung them on the walls in their homes. Joseph Stalin decorated his dacha in Volynskoye with a reproduction of “Girls with a Lamb” cut out from a magazine. After the death of the leader, the magazine “Peasant Woman” placed his portrait on the cover in a mourning frame.

1960s

In the 1960s, the USSR felt the consequences of the economic crisis, urbanization and extinction of the countryside, and a slowdown in the development of production. Women's magazines have intensified their work to combat these phenomena, for example, “Rabotnitsa” introduced sections “Raid “Raid””, “Good news from women's councils”, “On a voluntary basis”. The propaganda of professions that a woman could master was launched with renewed vigor. “Peasant Woman” proposed “a wider exchange of experience”, devoting a significant number of pages to materials from the field. The magazine actively promoted chemical science and the implementation of its achievements in life; even special sections “The ABCs of Agrochemistry” and “Chemistry for Children” appeared. Also in the publication there were permanent columns devoted to cinema, literature, and the publication of various entertaining information. The covers of “The Peasant Woman” became more diverse in the 60s: the heroines admired the clear sky near a tractor, participated in alpine skiing competitions, and posed for a photographer against the backdrop of huge coils of cable.