Abstract on the topic:
Ferdinand I (Tsar of Bulgaria)
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Family
- 2 Board
- 3 Hobbies
Introduction
Ferdinand I Maximilian Carl Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha(Bulgarian) Ferdinand I of Coburg, Saxe-Coburg, Tsar of Bulgaria, German Ferdinand von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha , February 26, 1861( 18610226 ) , Vienna - September 10, 1948, Coburg) - Prince of Bulgaria from August 14, 1887 and Tsar of Bulgaria from October 5, 1908 to October 3, 1918, from the German Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty. On his mother's side, he is the grandson of the French king Louis-Philippe I, on his father's side he is the grandson of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. German Field Marshal (18 January 1916).
1. Family
In 1893 he married Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma. From this marriage 4 children were born:
- Boris (1894-1943), future Tsar of Bulgaria;
- Kirill, Prince of Preslav (1895-1945);
- Eudoxia (1898-1985), died unmarried;
- Nadezhda (1899-1958), married to Prince Albert of Württemberg. A few days after the birth of Nadezhda, Marie-Louise died.
On February 28, 1908, Prince Ferdinand married for the second time: his wife was Eleanor (1860-1917), daughter of Prince Henry IV of Reuss zu Schleiz-Köstritz. There were no children in this marriage.
2. Board
Ferdinand I laid claim to Bulgarian hegemony in the Balkans, considering it the main contender for the European inheritance of the Ottoman Empire, while relying on the support of the German Empire. In 1908, he declared complete independence from Turkey and adopted the royal title instead of a prince (also translated into Western European languages as “King of Bulgaria”). In 1912-1913, as a result of the First Balkan War, Bulgaria received from Turkey a significant part of Thrace with Edirne and, in fact, a huge part of Macedonia with access to the Aegean Sea. However, already in the same 1913, due to the unresolved issue with the division of Macedonia, Ferdinand launched a war against former allies - Serbia and Greece (Second Balkan War), in which Bulgaria suffered a crushing defeat and was even forced to return part of the lands, including the Edirne region , which joined Turkey in the war.
In 1915, Bulgaria entered World War I on the side of Germany (and this time in alliance with Turkey), hoping to once again change the situation in the Balkans in its favor. After defeat in the war, Ferdinand abdicated the throne (1918) in favor of his son Boris III and left the country. Ferdinand, who lived in his ancestral Coburg, survived the death of his son, the execution of his other son Cyril, the deposition of his grandson Simeon II and the establishment of communist power in Bulgaria.
3. Hobbies
Ferdinand was a writer and philatelist. The Euxinograd Palace near Varna is eloquent evidence of his Francophile artistic tastes.
downloadThis abstract is based on an article from Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/09/11 20:23:53
Similar abstracts: Tsar of Bulgaria, Chaka (Tsar of Bulgaria), Peter I (Tsar of Bulgaria), Ivanko (Tsar of Bulgaria), Samuel (Tsar of Bulgaria), Simeon II (Tsar of Bulgaria), Peter IV (Tsar of Bulgaria), Simeon (Tsar of Bulgaria) , Roman (King of Bulgaria).
Categories: Persons in alphabetical order, Knights of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, Knights of the Order of Pour le M rite, Born in 1861, Died on September 10, Philatelists, Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Knights of the Iron Cross 1st class, Knights of the Iron Cross 2nd class,
Why Bulgaria entered the war contrary to national interests
History knows many examples when one or another power got involved in a war contrary to national interests and traditional relationships with other countries. Bulgaria had to go through this twice - in both world wars. But if in the last of them the Fuhrer, with the hands of his diplomats, actually forced Tsar Boris to become an ally of Germany, then in the First World War, Boris’s father, Ferdinand Coburg (pictured), in fact, personally dragged both Bulgaria and the Bulgarians.
The unexpected imperial ambitions of the tsar, a recent vassal of the decaying Ottoman Empire, found understanding and response in the Bulgarian society, which was deeply affected by the national catastrophe in the Second Balkan War. Nevertheless, we have to admit that Bulgaria slowly but surely moved towards acting on the side of the opponents of Russia - its liberator and traditional protector - throughout the forty years after gaining independence, or rather autonomy from the Turks. To begin with, Bulgaria, whose territory, with the light hand of Gorchakov, after San Stefano, almost stretched from the Danube to the Aegean Sea, and from the Black Sea to Lake Ohrid, found itself deprived and curtailed at the congress in Berlin. But through strong and friendly Bulgaria, Russia could easily reach the Mediterranean Sea and take the straits, even with the British fleet, in pincers. In addition, large, pro-Russian Bulgaria became a magnet for the Slavic subjects of Austria-Hungary. But Russian diplomacy lost the Berlin Congress, and the country remained in complete isolation.
Under the dictation of the “honest broker” Bismarck, Bulgaria was divided into three parts:
Vassal principality from the Danube to the Balkans with its center in Sofia;
An autonomous province of the Turkish Empire is Eastern Rumelia, with its center in Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv);
Macedonia - lands up to the Adriatic and Aegean Sea, returned to Turkey without any changes in status.
Bulgaria, with its center in Sofia, was declared an autonomous principality, the elected head of which was approved by the Sultan with the consent of the great powers. Temporarily, the administration of Bulgaria until the introduction of a constitution remained with the Russian commandant, but the period of stay of Russian troops in Bulgaria was limited to nine months.
Turkish troops did not have the right to be in the principality, but it was obliged to pay an annual tribute to Turkey. Türkiye received the right to guard the borders of Eastern Rumelia with regular troops located in border garrisons. Thrace and Albania remained with Turkey. In these provinces, as well as in Crete and Turkish Armenia, Turkey undertook to carry out a reform of local self-government in accordance with the organic regulations of 1868, equalizing the rights of Christians with Muslims.
And yet, in spite of everything, even though Bulgaria was formally dependent on the Turks, even if it paid tribute, but, compared to before, it was freedom. The same Serbia and Montenegro, and Romania initially received the same status. In addition, the new Bulgarian army was led by Russian officers.
And the nephew of Alexander II’s wife, 22-year-old Alexander Battenberg, became the prince of Bulgaria. A German, of course, the son of an Austrian general, a Prussian officer himself, but his own German. Alexander II nominated him for the Bulgarian throne, and demonstratively promoted him, who had never served in Russia, to general of the Russian service.
On June 26, 1879, the Great National Assembly elected Alexander I as the new ruler of Bulgaria. According to the Tarnovo Constitution, the first monarch of Bulgaria received the right to remain in the Lutheran faith and not convert to Orthodoxy. Battenberg's election as Bulgarian prince was recognized by all the great powers who signed the Berlin Treaty. From Constantinople, where Prince Alexander introduced himself to Sultan Abdülhamid II, from whom he received an investiture, he went to Varna and entered Bulgarian territory. Dondukov-Korsakov, having met the prince in Varna, accompanied him to Tyrnov, where on July 9, 1879 he took the oath of allegiance to the constitution, after which control was transferred to him, and the imperial commissar, together with the Russian civil administration and the occupying army, retired to Russia.
Outwardly everything looked great, but in reality things were not so good. The fact is that the prince really wanted independence. And what kind of autocracy is there when you rule in a country that is formally dependent on the Turks and really dependent on the Russians? He could gain autocracy only in one way, which the patriots told him day and night - by uprising against the Turks and the unification of Bulgaria and Rumelia. Then under his hand there will be such a powerful kingdom in the Balkans, which everyone will have to reckon with. This was the first, barely noticeable hint of Bulgaria's imperial ambitions.
But the Russians at the moment had no time for Bulgarian ambitions. Alexander II was killed by terrorists. The new Tsar tried to separate himself from the collapse of the Berlin Congress, and the Russian press unanimously attacked Bismarck, accusing him of treason.
We allegedly helped him with our benevolent neutrality in 1870, when he smashed France. The German press responded that the Russians were ungrateful and stupid, and could not even understand that Bismarck in Berlin had done more for them than all their own diplomats put together. The newspaper war gradually developed into a customs war, although Germany was the most important market for raw materials from Russia (in 1879 it absorbed 30% of Russian exports).
At this time, Germany entered into a secret defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary. Bismarck wanted to aim the alliance against both Russia and France, but, at the insistence of his Austro-Hungarian colleague D. Andrássy, the treaty was directed only against Russia. Thus, three of the four great powers of Western Europe at that time (England, Germany, Austria-Hungary) took openly hostile positions towards Russia. As for France, it has not yet recovered from the consequences of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Russia again, for the umpteenth time in the 19th century, found itself in the ring of diplomatic isolation. An attempt to get out of it was the Berlin Treaty of 1881, concluded with Germany and Austria-Hungary. He actually gave Russia a free hand to expand in Central Asia, despite the harsh opposition of England. But it was precisely at this dramatic moment in July 1885 in Plovdiv, the main city of Eastern Rumelia (i.e., the southern, Turkish part of Bulgaria), that the people rebelled against the Turks, expelled them and proclaimed the reunification of “both Bulgarians.” Alexander Battenberg was declared prince of the united power. This was, perhaps, the second and already more obvious application of the Balkan power for imperial greatness.
The Prince of Bulgaria had been quietly intriguing against Russia for a long time, while complaining about his Russian ministers and regularly inviting the Russian sovereign to replace them. In conversations with Bulgarian officers, he expressed regret that Russian officers serving in the Bulgarian army were interfering with their careers. In 1884, his brother married the daughter of the Queen of England. Who knows what kind of behind-the-scenes negotiations were held with him by British politicians, or maybe he was simply carrying out the will of the Bulgarian people and the Bulgarian government. The anger of his rebellious subjects could seem worse to him than any protests from Russia, which did not want to quarrel with Austria. Austria hastened to take care of itself, setting the Serbian king Milan against Bulgaria. The Serbs, so brave in battles with the Turks, were defeated by the Bulgarians in just a few days. But this is understandable - after all, Milan I himself misled his own soldiers when, in a declaration to the army, he announced that the Serbs were coming to the aid of the Bulgarians in the war against Turkey. The soldiers were confused: they had to fight the Bulgarians instead of attacking the Turks.
The further advance of the Bulgarians was stopped only by an ultimatum presented to Prince Alexander on November 16 by the Austro-Hungarian consul. The Turks behaved surprisingly sluggishly; they signed a convention according to which Prince Alexander was recognized for five years as governor-general of Eastern Rumelia. In short, neither ours nor yours. Riots broke out on the island of Crete, ending in a terrible massacre of the Greek population. In Istanbul they did not know how the great powers would react to this. On March 15, with the assistance of the great powers, a peace treaty was signed between Bulgaria and Serbia, which restored the state of affairs that preceded the war. However, Russian Tsar Alexander III, outraged by the Slavic civil strife, still could not calm down. To set him up at a moment when he has just begun to diplomatically defeat England and must conclude an agreement with her! Set him up in front of Austria and Germany! He demanded to punish the “traitor” - to abandon Eastern Rumelia and restore the status quo there, provided for by the Berlin Congress.
Fury made Alexander III forget that his father, together with Gorchakov, at the Berlin Congress fought with all their might against precisely this: the division of Bulgaria.
Even Austria rejected such a proposal in order to once again play the role of well-wishers of the Bulgarians and all Balkan Slavs in general. So, it turned out that Russia does not need a strong, but an obedient Bulgaria. The disobedient are punished, but the disobedient themselves remember everything. On August 9, 1886, with the assistance of agents of the Russian government, through a conspiracy of the officers of the Sofia garrison and the Strum infantry regiment that joined them, the prince was overthrown from the throne. Having signed the abdication, the prince-liberator was immediately expelled from the Bulgarian state. He was replaced by the government of Metropolitan Clement, which first telegraphed Alexander III: “Bulgaria is at the feet of Your Majesty.” But while Alexander III was rejoicing at this telegram, a counter-coup took place in Bulgaria: the patriots were afraid that Rumelia, at the request of the tsar, would be returned to the Turks.
Alexander Battenberg returned to power. On August 17, he sent a telegram to the Russian emperor, in which he stated that, having received the princely crown from Russia, he was ready to return it at her first request. The response from the Russian sovereign received on August 20 contained condemnation of his return. Upon arrival in Sofia, under pressure from the Russian emperor, Alexander for the second time renounced the title of Bulgarian prince. In his farewell appeal to the Bulgarian people on August 27, 1886, he announced that his departure from Bulgaria would facilitate the restoration of good relations with Russia.
A ten-month long struggle began between the proteges of Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany over the Bulgarian throne. Bulgarian crisis 1885-1887 quarreled Russia and Austria-Hungary and made it impossible to preserve the “Union of Three Emperors.” When his second term ended in 1887, it was not renewed. When the passions subsided (in June of the same 1887), it turned out that the German prince Ferdinand Coburg was firmly established on the Bulgarian throne, who was destined to rule Bulgaria for 30 years, become its king and found the fourth and last royal dynasty in it.
So, Ferdinand Maximilian Charles Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the third son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Marie Clementine of Bourbon-Orléans (daughter of King Louis Philippe), came to power. When in 1887 deputies of the Great National Assembly in Tarnovo elected him Prince of Bulgaria, Emperor Alexander III was simply furious. Of course: the candidacy of Prince Mingrelsky, Russia’s protégé, was not approved. Ferdinand was not recognized by Russia or other powers. Meanwhile, young Coburg was by no means an accidental person on the Bulgarian throne. The Coburgs ruled both Belgium and Portugal. The wife of the Russian Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich was also from the same house, although family ties did not in the least prevent the monarchs from continuously intriguing against each other. And Queen Victoria of Great Britain was married to Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
The future prince of Bulgaria himself was educated at the Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt. In May 1881 he entered the 11th Hussars as a lieutenant. In November 1885 he retired with the rank of chief lieutenant of the Hungarian cavalry. He was listed as the chief of the 26th Jaeger Battalion, the 11th Hussar Regiment and the 60th Heavy Artillery Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The German prince, about whom Bismarck immediately said: “Coburg will break through,” turned out to be a talented diplomat, he knew five languages and soon mastered Bulgarian and Russian, and upon ascending the Bulgarian throne, he managed to show considerable fortitude. The fact that Russia did not recognize him suited Turkey quite well, which the new prince of Bulgaria took advantage of. Showering before the Sultan, Ferdinand received the rank of marshal of the Turkish army and was appointed by Turkey as governor-general of Eastern Rumelia. At this moment the Turks had to wage war with Greece, which stood up for the Christians whose Turks were massacred in Crete. She did not need any tension from Bulgaria at all.
As time went. Alexander III passed away, and it was possible to try to come to an agreement with his heir. Ferdinand chose the most profitable policy for himself: the affectionate calf of two queens sucks.
Not forgetting to bow to his friends from Vienna, maintaining politeness with Istanbul, he began to quietly make passes to Great Russia. First, he got rid of Russophobes in his own government, then in 1896, much to the indignation of the Vatican, he baptized his son Boris according to the Orthodox rite, inviting Russian Emperor Nicholas II to be his godfather. After such steps, Russia recognized Ferdinand as the Prince of Bulgaria, and the rest of the great powers recognized him.
At this time, an economic crisis was brewing in Turkey again. An unprecedented thing - strikes began on the Eastern Railways. Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupied since the last Russian-Turkish war. Since the borders of the Sublime Porte began to burst at all the seams, Prince Ferdinand decided that it was simply stupid to remain on the sidelines. On September 22, 1908, in the Church of the Holy Forty Martyrs in the ancient capital of Veliko Tarnovo, he proclaimed the independence of Bulgaria and took the title of Tsar of the Bulgarians. Turkey could not fight with the newly-minted kingdom, especially since Russia would immediately come to the aid of the Bulgarians, and the Turks could not oppose the Austrian annexation. The Porte only demanded that it be paid large compensation for Bosnia. The Austrians, trying to resolve all questions at once, immediately forked over two and a half million pounds sterling. Meanwhile, Russia has undertaken to take into account the above-mentioned claims of Turkey to pay off the debts from the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78.
In general, a very explosive situation has developed in the Balkans. Offended Greece, which lost the war with the Turks. Serbia and Montenegro, which claims Turkish Macedonia and Austrian-occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, where half the population is ethnic Serbs. Bulgaria, which would like to get Thrace and all the lands where ethnic Bulgarians still live. Russia, which has been dreaming of the Bosphorus and Constantinople for two centuries. At some point, it seemed to Nicholas II that nothing was impossible... Under the auspices of Russia, on March 13, 1912, Serbia and Bulgaria entered into a secret military defensive-offensive treaty. By that time in Serbia, the pro-Austrian Obrenovic dynasty had already been replaced by the Karadjordjevics. The Serbian army was armed with three-line Mosin rifles, and Bulgaria received a secret three-million dollar loan from Russia, and its army sported a uniform almost indistinguishable from the Russian one. In general, the alliance was created in opposition to Austria, but it contained a secret annex about a joint action against Turkey.
But the war has not yet begun. The war was actually provoked by... Italy. The Italian government has long been licking its lips at Turkish Tripoli and Cyrenaica. The ultimatum it sent to the Ottoman Porte is a classic of colonial politics.
With a direct demand to cede lands in North Africa, “due to the insignificance of the distance separating these areas from the Italian shores”... etc. Everything is logical - since the distance from the coast is insignificant, then in the name of the general requirements of civilization you can burn, kill and rob. The Italians were the first to use such innovations as radios, airplanes, and armored cars on the African continent. And it wasn’t even a matter of the rapid defeat of the Turkish troops. The best regiments were not stationed in Tripoli. The point is the reaction to the aggression of the great powers. At this time, negotiations were underway on the formation of the Entente and the Triple Alliance, and everyone tried to win Italy over to their side. That's why she was allowed to rob the Turks with impunity. Well, the precedent was there before everyone’s eyes, and the Serbs and Bulgarians decided that such an opportunity should not be missed.
However, it was tiny Montenegro that started the war. On October 9, the first shots were fired on the border with Turkey, and Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece immediately rushed into battle.
The Bulgarians mobilized 420 thousand people. The Serbs fielded an army of 150,000. And the Greeks put 80 thousand under arms. The defeat of the Turks was lightning fast. A correspondent for the English newspaper The Daily Chronicle, who drove a car to the battle sites, wrote: “The disaster is no less than Mukden. Three quarters of the Turkish artillery pieces went to the Bulgarians. The Bulgarians let the Turks get very close, let them begin hand-to-hand combat, then quickly retreated, and machine guns mowed down hundreds and thousands of Turks. The retreat of the Turks turned into a disorderly flight of stupefied, hungry, exhausted, maddened crowds. There are few doctors. There are no dressings. There are no supplies. I have witnessed many military campaigns, but I never imagined such a terrible disaster, such a massacre of hungry, tortured, exhausted, helpless peasants from Anatolia.”
The final battles of the war took place near the fortress of Adrianople, where the Bulgarians fought shoulder to shoulder with the Serbs. This city has fallen after heavy shelling, and the time has come for peace negotiations.
Talks about peace had been going on for a long time, but they were interrupted every now and then by the Turks. In Istanbul, the Young Turks even carried out a military coup and expelled a government that was inclined towards peace. However, now everything was decided not by fanatics, but by the winners. Alas, Tsar Ferdinand became dizzy with success. He even mentioned in the press that after the fall of Constantinople (this is 1453), the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan ordered to call himself emperor, and the old capital of Bulgaria Tarnovo - Constantinople. However, immediately after the capture of Andrianople, he began to have disagreements with his allies, and he lost Russian support as soon as St. Petersburg realized that the prospect of taking Constantinople under the control of disloyal Bulgaria was very doubtful. The Serbs claimed that it was they who captured the Turkish commander-in-chief Shukri Pasha. The Bulgarians gave them a printed special “clarification”, where, with numbers in hand, they proved that the Bulgarians had 105 thousand people in the ranks, and the Serbs only 47 thousand. That the Bulgarians killed 1,300 and wounded 6,655 people. The Serbs had 274 killed and 1,173 wounded. Therefore, only the Bulgarians could take the Turk prisoner, and the Serbs ended up in that area by accident, violating the general disposition. Orally, the Serbs were reminded of the defeat that their army suffered from the Bulgarians in 1885. The Serbs left for their homeland, but a residue remained.
Ferdinand received from Turkey a significant part of Thrace with Edirne (thus Adrianople), most of Macedonia, with access to the Aegean Sea. But this no longer seemed enough to him. He already wanted all of Macedonia and Constantinople. It is difficult to count how much this unequivocal claim of the “King of the Bulgarians” to imperial greatness became. And here Russian diplomats began to vibrate. It is one thing to recapture Istanbul from the Turkish thugs - the oppressors of Balkan Christians, and another thing from the Bulgarian brothers. After all, in this way Ferdinand can take the capital of Byzantium into his own hands, and crush the Serbs and Greeks under him. And Austria, perhaps, can stand up for him.
The Allies reacted to this with understanding. The Greek Crown Prince Nicholas wrote over the head of the Russian Foreign Minister Sazonov personally to Nicholas II: “I fear that Sazonov is ready to cede Monastir to the Bulgarians (under the pretext that Bulgarians live there). But if this is so, then we will never have peace in the future, due to the fact that Bulgaria, having become almost twice the size of Greece, will use the first pretext to start a war, and then, having crushed Greece, will attack Serbia, or vice versa... I have complete confidence in you, knowing that you will do everything possible to protect the interests of our country, partly for the sake of Greece itself, but also in memory of the dear Pope (Alexander III)."
He was echoed by the Russian envoy in Athens, Demidov, in a letter to Foreign Minister Sazonov: “In case of victory, Bulgaria will become an instrument in the hands of Austria... In case of defeat, she will turn her gaze to Russia, which will be easier than before to satisfy her, because she is in force of necessity will be more accommodating... her loyalty to us is directly proportional to her failures and inversely proportional to her successes. From this point of view, Greece and Serbia will make our task easier for us at present... they will bring to us, perhaps, a repentant and humiliated Bulgaria.”
The allies were stubborn in negotiations. The Bulgarians laid claim to Macedonia, occupied by the Serbian army, across the Vardar River. The disgruntled heir to the Serbian throne, Alexander, said in an interview with a Belgrade newspaper in May 1913 that Serbia would not give Bulgaria a single inch of Zavardar Macedonia. And that there is no other way to resolve the Serbo-Bulgarian conflict other than war.
But Serbia, of course, was not preparing for war. All Slavs looked with hope at Russia, from where they called for a peaceful settlement of this issue.
It was planned to convene a conference of all “interested parties”, where new borders would be established, and at the same time issues with Constantinople and limiting the appetites of “Greater Bulgaria” would be resolved.
But Tsar Ferdinand was not going to sit down at the negotiating table. He understood perfectly well that they would talk and intimidate him. His army was the largest. Just now she worked real miracles, going toe-to-toe with the Turks! On June 29, 1913, at three o'clock in the morning, Bulgarian troops, without declaring war, went on the offensive on the Macedonian section of the border. This came as a surprise to Serbia, since it was expecting the start of negotiations in St. Petersburg. The Bulgarian command planned to cut off communications between Serbia and Greece. Next, the Bulgarians wanted to completely occupy Macedonia. It was planned to establish Bulgarian administration in the occupied territories. It was expected that the local population should support the Bulgarian army. Next, Tsar Ferdinand wanted to offer the opponents a truce and begin diplomatic negotiations.
Bulgaria's war with its former allies lasted exactly a month - from June 29 to July 29, 1913. Romania immediately joined Montenegro, Serbia and Greece. There was almost no resistance to the Romanians, since all enemy troops were on the Serbian and Greek fronts. The Romanian cavalry rushed towards Sofia. And near Constantinople, the Turks, who had caught their breath, suddenly launched a counteroffensive. At the same time, over the next few days in Eastern Thrace, the Turks destroyed all the Bulgarian forces, and on July 23, the forces of the Ottoman Empire captured the city of Edirne. The Turks captured Eastern Thrace in just 10 marches. Macedonia was occupied by the Serbs. Surrounded on all sides, the Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand asked for peace. “This is not a war,” he said. - This is the devil knows what!
And only after the second war in the Balkans did the division of what was captured from Turkey finally begin. The territory of Serbia increased to 87,780 km², and 1,500,000 people lived on the annexed lands. Greece increased its possessions to 108,610 km², and its population increased from 2,660 thousand to 4,363 thousand people. In addition to the territories conquered from the Turks and Bulgarians, the island of Crete was given to Greece. Romania received Southern Dobruja with an area of 6,960 km² with a population of 286 thousand people. Despite significant territorial losses, the central part of Thrace with an area of 25,030 km², conquered from the Ottoman Empire, remained within Bulgaria. The Bulgarian part of Thrace had a population of 129,490. Thus, this was “compensation” for the lost Dobruja. However, later Bulgaria lost this territory too. The Treaty of Constantinople stipulated only the Bulgarian-Turkish border and peace between Turkey and Bulgaria. It was signed privately only by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. According to him, Türkiye received back part of Eastern Thrace and the city of Edirne. "Ma vengeance sera terrible"“My revenge will be terrible,” cried King Ferdinand. They made a mistake in St. Petersburg; defeated Bulgaria did not become more accommodating and did not turn into an obedient satellite of Russia. Foreign Minister Sazonov recognized the Second Balkan War as his greatest failure, but did not resign.
There were many unresolved territorial issues on the Balkan Peninsula. Thus, the borders of Albania were not fully defined, and islands in the Aegean Sea remained disputed between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Serbia, having again failed to achieve access to the sea during the war, wanted to annex the north of Albania, which ran counter to the policies of Austria-Hungary and Italy.
On the eve of the Great War, Bulgaria was in a difficult economic situation. She was forced to apply for a loan abroad.
At first, Bulgaria turned to the French, but they explained that they doubted the prospects of repaying the debt. Then Bulgaria turned to Austria-Hungary. Consent was received, but the condition of the loan was a change in foreign policy orientation in favor of the Central Powers. By that time, the pro-German government of Vasil Radoslavov had already come to power in the country, the “patriotic” press, inciting revanchist sentiments, completely forgot that the war with the Entente would also become a war against Russia. As it turned out, Germany and Austria-Hungary needed loyal Bulgaria more than the Entente, if only because in the event of the capture of Serbia through Bulgarian territory it was possible to establish land communications with Turkey.
And yet, at the beginning of the war, the Bulgarian government declared neutrality, which became the reason for protracted bargaining with Ferdinand by both the Entente countries and the Central Powers. Although the temptation to stab Serbia in the back was very great, the once already beaten Tsar Ferdinand hesitated for a long time. The first signal to side with the Germans was the refusal of London and Paris to support the Russians when they offered to return the important port of Kavala on the Aegean Sea to Bulgaria. By the way, by this time the Germans had already managed not only to change clothes, but also to re-equip the Bulgarian army. Soon the idea of restoring the Balkan Union failed, and in Bulgaria Ferdinand managed to again inflate real anti-Serbian hysteria, demanding the return of Macedonia to the “bosom of the Bulgarian fatherland.” The disposition was clearer than clear - Serbia was called the main enemy in Sofia, and Austria was definitely its main opponent in the Balkans. But the Entente still had a chance to “buy out” Ferdinand, however, for this it was necessary, no less, to take away Macedonia from the Serbs. And this is for the Serbs, who over and over again beat the Austrians, who were forced to transfer more and more troops to the Balkans from the Russian front. And there the holes that formed were already plugged by the Germans.
However, it was necessary to take into account both the high fighting qualities of the Bulgarian army and its impressive numbers, as well as the understanding that the Bulgarians would probably fight better on the side of Russia than in an alliance with the Germans.
On this occasion, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, pointed out to Sazonov “the undoubted desirability ... of concluding a military convention with Bulgaria under the current circumstances, if only this would be possible from a political point of view.” But if the Russians relied on diplomacy and the traditions of “Slavic friendship,” then London and Paris preferred to simply bribe the Bulgarian Tsar. However, the readiness of England and France to provide financial assistance to Bulgaria on almost any scale became known only in 1917, when Trotsky made secret agreements public. However, in St. Petersburg they refrained from making such promises - there was not enough money themselves. It is characteristic that the Germans soon not only openly offered Bulgaria a loan of 500 million marks, but also directly secretly extended loans (with the obligatory hint that it was not necessary to repay the loans) to a number of the country’s top officials.
However, the king of the future “Great Bulgaria” Ferdinand “just money” was not enough - he responded to all the promises of the Entente powers with the demands of a clear definition of the “new borders” of the country, and guarantees of compensation for all losses in the Second Balkan War. At a time when no one could say with confidence about the impending victory of the Entente countries, this could hardly be realized, and besides, the governments of Serbia, Greece and Romania could not be persuaded - they did not want to lose anything territories acquired after the Second Balkan War. It is possible, by the way, that it was decided to simply sacrifice Bulgaria when the accession of the same Greece and Romania to the Entente was more clearly outlined. Another thing is that the allies clearly overestimated both the Greeks and Romanians as military allies, but this does not at all negate the cynical essence of all negotiations between Entente diplomats and Ferdinand.
It must be admitted, however, that the Entente allies were frankly frightened by Ferdinand’s desire not to limit himself to returning what was lost in 1913. And then, on his direct orders, trains with Russian bread were not allowed into Serbia. And this was at a time when German goods were coming to Istanbul through Bulgaria in a literally continuous stream. It is not surprising that St. Petersburg promptly abandoned the idea of sanctioning the non-military seizure of Zavardarian Macedonia by the Bulgarians.
The bargaining with the Bulgarians ended only in October 1915, when the British attempt to capture the Dardanelles failed, and the Russian army retreated, leaving Poland. It seemed that the final success of the Central Powers was determined, and Ferdinand decided to fight. Historians believe that the king of the Bulgarians could well have been influenced by an unexpected gift from the Turks, prepared, of course, at the suggestion of Germany. According to the Bulgarian-Turkish agreement on the correction of borders, initialed in Sofia on September 3, 1915, Bulgaria received a small part of Western Thrace. Is it any wonder that just three days later Ferdinand signed a secret treaty of friendship and alliance with Germany, receiving guarantees from her of the “territorial integrity of the country.” In exchange for... joining the war.
And on October 14, Bulgaria declared war on Serbia. But still Serbia, not Russia. Even the French General Sarrail, commander of the Allied forces in Thessaloniki, somewhat later asked to send a Russian auxiliary corps, since he firmly believed that the appearance of Russian soldiers in Macedonia would have a strong moral impact on the Bulgarian soldiers. They, according to available information, did not want to shoot at the Russian “brothers”. When in 1916 the Russian brigade appeared in Thessaloniki, General Sarrail himself shuffled our units mixed with the Serbs. The Bulgarians, stunned by the carnage of the offensive, no longer cared who or how to shoot. Moreover, the Serbs were considered the worst enemies. But as soon as the front stabilized, the first fraternizations between the opponents began precisely from those places where the Bulgarians opposed the Russians. True, this was already in 1917.
And in the fall of 1915, the Bulgarian offensive predetermined the tragic fate of the Serbian army. Under the threat of encirclement, she had to be evacuated to the island of Corfu, and from there, after reorganization, transported to the Thessaloniki Front.
The Serbs largely repaid their debts to the Bulgarians in the 1918 campaign, when they broke through their front and soon actually forced them to capitulate, together with the 11th German Army of General Mackensen. And Tsar Ferdinand, after the defeat of Bulgaria in the war, abdicated the throne in favor of his slightly more successful son Boris...
Especially for "Century"
(1861-02-26 )Vienna, Austrian Empire
Coburg, Germany
2) Eleonora Reiss-Kestritska
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| Order of Civil Merit, 1st class (Bulgaria) | 60px | Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen |
| Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maximilian Joseph (Bavaria) | 60px | 60px |
| Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor | Iron Cross 1st Class | Iron Cross 2nd class |
| Knight of the Supreme Order of the Holy Annunciation | Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa | 60px |
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Ferdinand I (Ferdinand Maximilian Carl Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ; February 26 - September 10) - Prince of Bulgaria in -1908, then Tsar of Bulgaria (founder of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom) in -1918, from the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty. On his mother's side, he is the grandson of Louis-Philippe I, the king of the French, and on his father's side, he is the grandson of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Marshal of Bulgaria (7 January 1916), German Field Marshal (18 January). He also had the rank of Austrian field marshal (January 20, 1916) and Turkish mushir ().
Family
Together with his brother Augustus, he traveled to Brazil in 1879, where he became a passionate botanist and entomologist.
Awards
Bulgarian:
- Order "For Bravery" Grand Cross
- Order of Civil Merit Grand Cross
- Order of Military Merit Grand Cross
Russian:
Austrian:
- Military Order of Maria Theresa Grand Cross
- Cross of Military Merit 3rd class. with military honors (1915)
- Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen Grand Cross (1899)
Germanic:
- Prussian Order of the Black Eagle
- Prussian Order Pour le Mérite with oak leaves (1916)
- Prussian Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class
- Hesse-Darmstadt Order of Philip the Magnanimous 1st class. with swords
- Saxe-Altenburg Order of the House of Ernestine Grand Cross
- Bavarian Military Order of Maximilian Joseph
Other countries:
- Italian Order of Annunziata (1897)
- Neapolitan Constantinian Order of St. George (1893)
- Ottoman Supreme Order of Honor
- French Legion of Honor Grand Officer (1905)
- Danish Order of the Elephant
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Notes
Links
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| 30px | [[ in Wikiquote |
| [[Lua error in Module:Wikidata/Interproject on line 17: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |Ferdinand I (Tsar of Bulgaria)]] in Wikisource | |
| 30px | [((localurl:Commons:Category: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. ))?uselang=en Ferdinand I (Tsar of Bulgaria)] on Wikimedia Commons |
- with information about Ferdinand I of Coburg on the website (Retrieved December 30, 2008)
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Excerpt characterizing Ferdinand I (Tsar of Bulgaria)
“What are you doing here?!..” Stella was sincerely surprised.- Have you forgotten - I have to pick up the kids, I promised them.
-Where is Michelle? Why aren't you together?
- Well, why not together? Together, of course! I just promised... And she always loved children. So we decided to all stay together until a new life takes them.
- So this is wonderful! – Stella was happy. And then she jumped to something else. – You are very happy, aren’t you? Well, tell me, are you happy? She's so beautiful!!!..
Arno looked into our eyes for a long time and carefully, as if wanting to, but not daring to say anything. Then, finally, I decided...
- I can’t accept this happiness from you... It’s not mine... It’s wrong... I don’t deserve it yet.
“How can you not do this?!..” Stella literally soared. - How can you not - how can you!.. Just try to refuse!!! Just look how beautiful she is! And you say you can’t...
Arno smiled sadly, looking at the raging Stella. Then he hugged her affectionately and quietly, quietly said:
“You brought me unspeakable happiness, and I brought you such terrible pain... Forgive me, dear ones, if you ever can.” Sorry...
Stella smiled at him brightly and affectionately, as if wanting to show that she understood everything perfectly, and that she forgave him everything, and that it was not his fault at all. Arno just nodded sadly and, pointing to the quietly waiting children, asked:
– Can I take them “up there” with me, do you think?
“Unfortunately, no,” Stella answered sadly. “They can’t go there, they stay here.”
“Then we’ll stay too...” a gentle voice sounded. - We will stay with them.
We turned around in surprise - it was Michelle. “That’s all decided,” I thought contentedly. And again, someone voluntarily sacrificed something, and again simple human kindness won... I looked at Stella - the little girl was smiling. Everything was fine again.
- Well, will you walk with me a little more? – Stella asked hopefully.
I should have gone home a long time ago, but I knew that I would never leave her now and nodded my head affirmatively...
To be honest, I wasn’t in too much of a mood to go for a walk, since after everything that had happened, my condition was, let’s say, very, very “satisfactory... But I couldn’t leave Stella alone either, so it would be good for both of them, though If only we were “in the middle”, we decided not to go far, but just to relax our almost boiling brains a little, and give our pain-wracked hearts a rest, enjoying the peace and quiet of the mental floor...
We slowly floated in a gentle silvery haze, completely relaxing our frayed nervous system, and plunging into the stunning, incomparable peace here... When suddenly Stella shouted enthusiastically:
- Wow! Just look, what kind of beauty is there!..
I looked around and immediately understood what she was talking about...
It really was extraordinarily beautiful!.. As if someone, while playing, had created a real sky-blue “crystal” kingdom!.. We looked in surprise at the incredibly huge, openwork ice flowers, dusted with light blue snowflakes; and the intertwining of sparkling ice trees, flashing with blue highlights at the slightest movement of the “crystal” foliage and reaching the height of our three-story house... And among all this incredible beauty, surrounded by flashes of real “northern lights”, a breathtakingly majestic ice palace proudly rose, the whole shining with the shimmer of unprecedented silvery blue shades...
What was it?! Who liked this cool color so much?..
So far, for some reason, no one showed up anywhere, and no one expressed any great desire to meet us... It was a little strange, since usually the owners of all these wonderful worlds were very hospitable and friendly, with the exception of only those who had just appeared on “ floor” (that is, they had just died) and were not yet ready to communicate with others, or simply preferred to experience something purely personal and difficult alone.
“Who do you think lives in this strange world?” Stella asked in a whisper for some reason.
- Do you want to see? – unexpectedly for myself, I suggested.
I didn’t understand where all my fatigue had gone, and why I suddenly completely forgot the promise I made to myself a moment ago not to interfere in any, even the most incredible, incidents until tomorrow, or at least until I had at least a little rest. But, of course, this again triggered my insatiable curiosity, which I had not yet learned to pacify, even when there was a real need for it...
Therefore, trying, as far as my exhausted heart allowed, to “switch off” and not think about our failed, sad and difficult day, I immediately eagerly plunged into the “new and unknown”, anticipating some unusual and exciting adventure...
We smoothly “slowed down” right at the very entrance to the stunning “ice” world, when suddenly a man appeared from behind a sparkling blue tree... She was a very unusual girl - tall and slender, and very beautiful, she would have seemed quite young , almost if it weren’t for the eyes... They shone with calm, bright sadness, and were deep, like a well with the purest spring water... And in these wondrous eyes lurked such wisdom that Stella and I had not yet been able to comprehend for a long time ... Not at all surprised by our appearance, the stranger smiled warmly and quietly asked:
- What do you want, kids?
“We were just passing by and wanted to look at your beauty.” Sorry if I disturbed you...” I muttered, slightly embarrassed.
- Well, what are you talking about! Come inside, it will probably be more interesting there... - waving her hand into the depths, the stranger smiled again.
We instantly slipped past her inside the “palace”, unable to contain the curiosity rushing out, and already anticipating something very, very “interesting” in advance.
It was so stunning inside that Stella and I literally froze in a stupor, our mouths open like hungry one-day-old chicks, unable to utter a word...
There was no so-called “floor” in the palace... Everything there floated in the sparkling silver air, creating the impression of sparkling infinity. Some fantastic “seats”, similar to groups of sparkling dense clouds accumulated in groups, swaying smoothly, hung in the air, sometimes becoming denser, sometimes almost disappearing, as if attracting attention and inviting you to sit on them... Silvery “ice” flowers, shining and shimmering, they decorated everything around, striking with the variety of shapes and patterns of the finest, almost jewelry petals. And somewhere very high in the “ceiling”, blinding with sky-blue light, huge ice “icicles” of incredible beauty hung, turning this fabulous “cave” into a fantastic “ice world”, which seemed to have no end...
“Come on, my guests, grandfather will be incredibly glad to see you!” – Smoothly gliding past us, the girl said warmly.
And then I finally understood why she seemed unusual to us - as the stranger moved, a sparkling “tail” of some special blue material was constantly trailing behind her, which shone and curled like tornadoes around her fragile figure, crumbling behind her. with silvery pollen...
Before we had time to be surprised by this, we immediately saw a very tall, gray-haired old man, proudly sitting on a strange, very beautiful chair, as if thereby emphasizing his importance to those who did not understand. He watched our approach completely calmly, not at all surprised and not yet expressing any emotions other than a warm, friendly smile.
The white, silver-shimmering, flowing clothes of the old man merged with the same, completely white, long hair, making him look like a good spirit. And only the eyes, as mysterious as those of our beautiful stranger, shocked us with boundless patience, wisdom and depth, making us shudder from the infinity visible in them...
- Hello, guests! – the old man greeted affectionately. – What brought you to us?
- Hello to you, grandpa! – Stella greeted joyfully.
And then, for the first time in the entire time of our already quite long acquaintance, I was surprised to hear that she had finally addressed someone as “you”...
In 1887, the Bulgarian throne became vacant. Russia proposed a candidate: Georgian prince Niko Dadiani (aka Nikolai Mingrelsky). The candidate is quite well-born, and also Orthodox. But in Bulgaria at that time there was an anti-Russian group in power led by Stambolov. The Russian candidate was rejected.
The prince was found in Europe: Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha - Austro-Hungarian aristocrat. In 1887, the Bulgarian parliament, controlled by Stambolov, elected Ferdinand to the Bulgarian throne. He immediately agreed, promising to “devote his life to the good of the Bulgarian people...”
Ferdinand (standing second from left) and eight other kings.
In 1908, Ferdinand declared independence from Turkey and assumed the title of Tsar (previously, the Bulgarian monarch was called a prince and was formally considered a vassal of the Sultan).
Bulgaria, as well as Serbia and Greece, were formed in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire. But many Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians remained under the Ottomans. Annexing all territories inhabited by fellow tribesmen was the national task of the Balkan countries. None of them could compete with Turkey alone. It was necessary to consolidate and agree to a common anti-Turkish alliance. But the Balkan rulers still could not agree on it. Only in March 1912, through the mediation of Russian diplomacy, the Serbs, Bulgarians and Greeks entered into an alliance.
In October 1912, Bulgaria, together with its allies, declared war on Turkey (1st Balkan War)
The Turkish armies in the Balkans were quickly defeated. The winners were left to divide the captured (liberated) territories, but they were unable to do this peacefully. The point of contention was Macedonia, in which the claims of Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia intersected.
In Sofia they decided to force their rivals out of the disputed territories - on June 29, 1913, Bulgarian troops attacked Serbian units in Macedonia. The 2nd Balkan War began. The Bulgarian command gave the order to attack without informing either the government or parliament. As the Bulgarian commander Savov later assured, he acted on the personal orders of Tsar Ferdinand
It was Ferdinand who decided to attack his former allies in Macedonia. It quickly became clear that the decision was reckless. As Trotsky said on this occasion: “We are accustomed to thinking that those in power know some special art of management, calculation and foresight, and when it turns out that reckless frivolity and self-confident stupidity reign at the top, we are always amazed.”
Bulgaria in the summer of 1913 found itself isolated; all its neighbors showed hostility. Sofia also deprived itself of Russian support by refusing its mediation in a diplomatic settlement of the dispute with its neighbors. Starting a war under these conditions was truly self-confident frivolity. Serbia, Greece, Romania and Türkiye simultaneously opposed Bulgaria - whose forces were much superior to the Bulgarian ones.
A month after the start of the war, Bulgaria admitted defeat. As a result, the country lost significant territories. The Bulgarian population of these territories was subjected to ethnic cleansing by the victors. The defeat was experienced in Bulgaria as a national catastrophe.
1st Balkan War. The territories lost by Bulgaria are indicated by shading. In addition, Macedonia (on the map - southern Serbia) can be considered lost territory.
According to the Bulgarian Tsar, the Serbs, Russia, which supported the Serbs, and the Bulgarian command, which failed to cope with the task, were to blame for the disaster, but not himself. A corresponding propaganda campaign was launched in the country. On the initiative of the tsar, a government was formed, oriented towards Germany and Austria-Hungary.
There were three groups among Bulgarian politicians. Russophiles sought a full union with Russia, emphasizing the common interests of Bulgaria and Russia. Russophobes, on the contrary, were ready to shoot themselves in the foot (that is, not themselves, but Bulgaria), but only to show that Russia and Bulgaria have interests that are completely different. Rusoneutrals confessed something like: “Bulgaria has no permanent allies, Bulgaria has permanent interests,” they believed that Bulgaria has its own interests - and they may not coincide with the interests of Russia (and then it is necessary to go into conflict with Russia). Ferdinand was apparently in the third group.
In 1915, the Bulgarian leadership, led by Ferdinand, decided that the interests of Bulgaria required joining WWII on the Austro-German side - against the Entente and Russia. There were objective reasons that pushed the Bulgarians to the Austro-Germans - they promised to help return the territories lost as a result of the 2nd Balkan War. There were also subjective reasons, including Ferdinand’s personal Germanophilia.
The beginning of the war was successful for the Bulgarians - in 1915-16. their troops largely solved the problem of returning lost territories. But the calculation that the war would be short turned out to be a miscalculation. The war continued and became increasingly difficult for Bulgaria.
In 1917, with the revolution in Russia and the accession of the United States to the Entente, opposition forces in Bulgaria became more active, advocating for its withdrawal from the Austro-German bloc. In 1918, the new government undertook informal contacts with representatives of the United States and other Entente countries. Having broken with Germany in time, Bulgaria could still change the course of the war and its results for the better.
Attempts at a separate agreement with the Entente were restrained by fears that Germany would react harshly to this. But at the beginning of 1918, the Germans withdrew almost all their troops from the Balkans. The main obstacle was Tsar Ferdinand and his entourage - he held on to the war on the side of Germany until the last.
Ferdinand and German Kaiser Wilhelm.
In September 1918, the Entente army, which had a decisive superiority in forces, broke through the Bulgarian front. Ferdinand intended to continue the war on the territory of Bulgaria itself. But then, tired of war and hardship, the Bulgarian soldiers rebelled. They refused to fight and demanded immediate peace. On September 29, the Bulgarian government concluded a truce with the Entente. On October 3, Ferdinand abdicated the throne in favor of an heir and fled the country. He never visited Bulgaria again.
In 1919, the Entente dictated difficult peace conditions to Bulgaria, which lost the war. The country had to pay a huge indemnity; Significant territories were torn away from it. The defeat in WWI was called the second national disaster in Bulgaria.
In general, Ferdinand did not bring any good to Bulgaria. During his reign, Bulgaria suffered two consecutive national disasters. It was Ferdinand who made the fatal decision for Bulgaria to start the 2nd Balkan War with the former allies of the 1st. Then, in WWI, Ferdinand brought his country into the camp of the Central Powers - and with them, Bulgaria found itself among the losers.
In 1946, the monarchy in Bulgaria was abolished. 95% of those participating voted for this in the referendum.
Ferdinand 1.
King Ferdinand I of Romania (Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Dynasty)
Romania was ruled by a subsidiary branch of the German ruling family - the Hohenzollerns-Sigmaringens. Due to his origins, in 1914 the Romanian King Carol I was inclined to support the Triple Alliance. But he was alone in his aspirations - public opinion in Romania supported the Entente.
After the death of Carol I, the Romanian throne was taken by his nephew Ferdinand, who maintained the country's neutrality until 1916. Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente. Kaiser Wilhelm declared Ferdinand a traitor to the Hohenzollern family. As a result, Romania was defeated by the Triple Alliance, and Bucharest was occupied by the enemy. The Romanian king will have to flee.
FERDINAND
Romanian king (1914-1927), came from the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringer dynasty. Since Carol I of Romania had no sons, the right of succession passed to the eldest son of his brother Leopold. Thus, Ferdinand, the son of Leopold Hohenzollern-Singmaringen, became a possible heir to the Romanian throne in March 1889. On June 10, 1893, he married Princess Mary, who was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England and Tsar Alexander II of Russia. During the Second Balkan War of 1913, he commanded the country's armed forces, which he reorganized even before the start of hostilities against Bulgaria. On October 14, 1914, after the death of his uncle, he became King of Romania. Realizing the need to protect the state unity of Romania, in August 1916 Ferdinand declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. But both the future of Romania and King Ferdinand's own fate were called into question after the Germans, under the command of General Mackensen, occupied Bucharest and revolution began in Russia. The royal family left for Moldavia, Iasi was declared the capital. However, the Romanians showed decisive resistance to the Germans at Marasesti (August 12-19, 1917) and Only under the threat of defeat were they forced to sign an armistice on December 6, 1917, and a peace treaty on May 7, 1918. In 1918 and 1919, after the victory of the armies of the Allied Powers, The lands of Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania and part of the Banat that previously belonged to Russia and Hungary were annexed to Romania. After World War I, Ferdinand carried out agrarian reform, modernized the army, introduced universal suffrage, and granted civil rights to Jews born in Romania.
wow, but in appearance Ferdinand doesn’t look as ridiculous as everyone has described him...
06 -v1TBwcI0UXgAAAEo45RK1_Or.jpg)
Romanovs = Romania. Another version of the Roman (Romanov) Empire performed by the union of writers of the old red (Prussian) guard of Nicholas I Elston-Sumarokov.
FERDINAND I (Bulgaria).
Bulgarian statesman and political figure, Prince of Bulgaria in 1887-1908, then Tsar of Bulgaria (founder of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom) in 1908-1918, from the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty. On his mother's side, he is the grandson of the French king Louis-Philippe I, on his father's side he is the grandson of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. German Field Marshal General (1916). He also had the rank of Austrian field marshal and Turkish mushir (1896). He is also known as a botanist, entomologist and philatelist.
In 1893 he married Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma. From this marriage four children were born: Boris (1894-1943), the future Tsar of Bulgaria; Kirill, Prince of Preslav (1895-1945); Eudoxia (1898-1985), died unmarried; Nadezhda (1899-1958), married to Prince Albert of Württemberg. A few days after the birth of Nadezhda, Marie-Louise died. On February 28, 1908, the prince married for the second time: his wife was Eleanor, daughter of Prince Henry IV of Reiss-Schleitz-Kestritz. There were no children in this marriage. The prince laid claim to Bulgarian hegemony in the Balkans, considering it the main contender for the European inheritance of the Ottoman Empire, while relying on the support of the German Empire. In 1908, he declared complete independence from Turkey and adopted the royal title instead of the grand duke (also translated into Western European languages as “King of Bulgaria”). At the same time, Bulgaria was renamed from the Grand Duchy to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In 1912-1913 As a result of the First Balkan War, Bulgaria received from Turkey a significant part of Thrace with Edirne and, in fact, a huge part of Macedonia with access to the Aegean Sea. However, already in the same 1913, due to the unsettled issue with the division of Macedonia, he started a war against former allies - Serbia and Greece (Second Balkan War), in which Bulgaria suffered a crushing defeat and was even forced to return part of the lands, incl. . region of Edirne, which became involved in the Turkish war.
In 1915, Bulgaria entered the First World War on the side of Germany (this time in alliance with Turkey), hoping to once again change the situation in the Balkans in its favor. After defeat in the war, he abdicated the throne (1918) in favor of his son Boris III and left the country. Living in his ancestral Coburg, he survived the death of his son, the execution of his other son Cyril, the deposition of his grandson Simeon II and the establishment of communist power in Bulgaria. He was a writer and philatelist. The Euxinograd Palace near Varna is eloquent evidence of his Francophile artistic tastes. The prince was also very partial to trains, and met the Orient Express several times, climbing into the driver's cab to sound the first whistle. Together with his brother Augustus, he traveled to Brazil in 1879, where he became a passionate botanist and entomologist.
http://persons-info.com/persons/FERDINAND_I_Bulgariia
Regele Ferdinand I
Atasamentul si dragostea lui Ferdinand pentru mica si fermecatoarea, la acea data, tara din Est nu aveau sa se limiteze la acest gest. Istoria mentioneaza ca datorita admiratiei sale pentru Romania, Regele Ferdinand avea sa fie supranumit fie “Lealul”, fie “Intregitorul”. Visul lui Ferdinand a fost in egala masura acelasi cu al milioanelor de romani - crearea Romaniei Mari prin alipirea Transilvaniei regatului roman
Regele Romaniei Mari
In anul 1922, pe data de 15 octombrie, Ferdinand este incoronat Rege al Romaniei Mari la Alba Iulia, orasul care avea sa traiasca a doua Mare Unire
70 years ago, Romania tried to officially cross monarchy with fascism: by decree of 19-year-old King Michael I, who had just ascended the throne, the country was declared a “legionary state”: the formal head is the monarch, but actual power is in the hands of the paramilitary organization “Iron Guard”.
But 4 years later, the same king ordered the arrest of dictator Antonescu, and Romania, allied with Hitler, abruptly changed course.
What 89-year-old King Michael thinks about that time today, he told The New Times.
He is the last surviving commander-in-chief of the World War II era and a holder of the Soviet Order of Victory. When His Majesty, despite his age, who has retained his stateliness, carefully offers to refill his tea and asks with interest about the situation in Russia, one involuntarily recalls: the hospitable host dined with Hitler and Mussolini, survived the German bombing of his own palace, for almost two years, almost stood alone against Stalin and then spent half a century in exile.
“When I told Vyshinsky that I would not allow Moscow to treat me as a vassal, he began to threaten and even banged his fist on the table. Having never achieved his goal, he literally ran out of the office and slammed this door so hard that plaster fell from the ceiling,” King Mihai depicts that dramatic scene in 1946 with the participation of Stalin’s emissary Andrei Vyshinsky.
The case takes place in his office in the Elizabethan Palace - the official residence of the ex-monarch in Bucharest. Since your author first came to interview the King for the BBC several years ago, we have met His Majesty more than once - both in Romania and in a modest house near the town of Eaubonne in the Swiss canton of Vaud, where the King lives with his wife, Queen Anne, née Princess of Bourbon-Parma.
But the Elizabeth Palace is a special place. It was here that on December 30, 1947, the pro-Moscow leaders of post-war Romania showed up to the king with the text of a manifesto on abdication. “After reviewing the paper, I said that I should read it carefully again alone, and went into another room. But there was no more time: the telephone connection of the palace was turned off, the security was replaced, the palace was surrounded by the military of one of the Romanian divisions, included in the Soviet contingent. There are artillery pieces around the villa, the barrels are pointed at us...”
Son overthrown by father
King Michael I of Romania was born on October 25, 1921 in the family of Crown Prince Carol of Romania and his wife Princess Helena, daughter of King Constantine I of Greece. His great-grandmother was the only daughter of Emperor Alexander II, Grand Duchess Maria, and his great-grandfather was her husband, Queen Victoria’s son Prince Alfred .
Mihai's father, Prince Carol, did not bother himself with marital fidelity, and when his son was four years old, he started an affair with the divorced daughter of a pharmacist, Elena Lupescu. In 1925, Carol, having renounced all rights as a member of the royal family, went with her to France, leaving his wife and son.
Two years later, six-year-old Mihai, after the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand I, became the king of Romania for the first time.
However, in 1930, Carol returned to Bucharest and, with the help of a number of politicians, carried out a constitutional coup - he was proclaimed monarch. So, thanks to his own father, at the age of nine, Mihai lost the throne for the first time.
Karol sent Mihai's mother, Princess Helena, into exile in Italy, leaving little Mihai for himself: officially - to raise him as an heir, but in reality - to keep him under control.
Return to the throne
This, paradoxically, was facilitated by Stalin. In June 1940, the Soviet leader demanded that Romania immediately transfer Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, and Carol II was forced to comply ultimatum.
On September 5, 1940, Antonescu sent a courier to the king with a letter in which he stated that the only way out was abdication. I found out about this at about five in the morning on September 6 and was completely confused. The father denied and began to pack his bags. At ten in the morning I arrived at the palace, Marshal Antonescu and Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. I took the oath and became king."
Real power in the country was in the hands of Antonescu. He firmly linked Romania with Germany. For Hitler, the country was a vital source of oil . Mihai performed ceremonial functions. He was not allowed to make decisions. However, one key service “ conductor" - "leader"", as Antonescu was called, - the young king still unwittingly had a favor: he allowed Princess Elena to return from exile, who received the title of Queen Mother.
Lunch with the Fuhrer
Mihai does not really like to remember his meetings with Hitler. The first time this happened was in 1938, when he was returning from London in the company of his father: Karol stopped in Berlin and introduced his son to Hitler.
From left to right: Wilhelm von Fabricius - German ambassador in Bucharest, Horia Sima - leader of the Iron Guard, General Antonescu - Prime Minister of Romania, King Michael, General Hansen - commander of German troops in Romania. December 26, 1940. Less than a month later, the power of the legionnaires was overthrown through Antonescu's military coup. Photo from the site ulvhedin-grom.livejournal.com
The second meeting was longer. “In January 1941, my mother and I went to Italy,” the king recalls. - Antonescu said: “It would be impolite if you did not also pay a visit to the Fuhrer.” There was nothing to do, we went to Rome via Berlin. There I had to dine with Hitler. The conversation didn't go well. He generally preferred to be a soloist and did not listen to others attentively. And I immediately realized that in front of me was a calculating, cunning madman who would stop at nothing to achieve his goal.”
After Romania entered the war against the USSR on the side of Germany, the king went to the troops at the front and in 1942 visited the Crimea, Livadia. “Who would have thought that in a couple of years Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill would decide the fate of my country there,” he smiles sadly. The king admits that the alliance with Germany was a mistake: “I was twenty years old when Antonescu took this step! I was nothing to him and could not influence the marshal’s decisions in any way. In addition, in Romania, the people were outraged by Stalin’s annexation of Bessarabia, the Romanians wanted to return this land... But fighting against the USSR was a catastrophic miscalculation.”
http://www.blackseanews.net/read/772
Romania
Romania is located in southern Europe, in the Lower Danube basin. In the east it is washed by the Black Sea. Romania borders Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.
Romania gained independence in 1877
, before that it was under the domination of the Turkish Ottoman Empire for 300 years. After the First World War, Transylvania, which was previously part of Austria-Hungary, was included in Romania. Romanians make up almost 90% of the total population. But the country also has fairly large national minorities, primarily the Hungarians and Germans, who live in compact groups in a number of regions of Transylvania. The official language is Romanian (it belongs to the Romance group of languages, but it contains a lot of Slavic borrowings and words inherited from the languages of the most ancient inhabitants of these places - the Dacians and Thracians). Orthodox Christians predominate among believers.
There are numerous resorts on the Black Sea coast. The most famous and visited of them are Mom, I
and Costinesti. In the Carpathians there are centers of winter recreation and skiing - Sinai,
Predeal, Poiana Brasov.
Romania gained independence in 1877, before which it was dominated by the Turkish Ottoman Empire for 300 years.
01. Roma"nia (Roma"novia?) - as we see, the Reds (Prussians) are again writing Latin in Cyrillic with errors and without translation, creating for themselves a vast field of activity for substituting concepts and falsifications.
This is despite the fact that the Russian language prohibited ambiguous interpretations and did not allow inaccuracies.
That is, we have before us a persistent violation of the rules of the Russian language by the Prussians. Romania / Romania / Romanovia and the Roman Empire are spelled the same in Prussian languages. And for these concepts of theirs, written with errors and without translation, the Prussians specifically make sure that no one understands what was written by the Prussian Red Guards of Elston-Sumarokov in Russia captured by Prussian troops.
And even Russia, captured by Prussian troops, is written by the Prussians as Prussia, then Russia, then Russia. And after this, the Prussians every time pretend to be naive: “But that’s not what we wanted to say! You didn’t understand us!”
How can we understand them if Russia, captured by Prussian troops in 1863-1873? was renamed by Prussian troops to Prussia, Germany, and then to the USSR?
And Prussian troops only fought with the Russian Army in 1863-1923, like the Nikolaev Jewish soldiers of the old Red (Prussian) Guard of Elston-Sumarokov.
The White Army was Russian - Bella Arm Air Kondrus, State. And our Red Army was PRUSSIAN all its life, from 1863-1873. - heroes of the novel by Leo Tolstoy: “War and Peace” by Elston-Sumarokov with the State of Bella Arm Air Kondrus.
02. Quote from another member of the Union of Red (Prussian, Soviet) Writers: Romania gained independence in 1877, before which it was dominated by the Turkish Ottoman Empire for 300 years.
should be read in translation from Prussian into Russian as follows.
Romania gained independence in 1877 = “captured by the Prussian troops of Elston-Sumarokov, modern Romania (Romania) until 1877 was the territory of the State of Bella Arm Air Kondrus.
What the Prussians slyly call “Romania gained independence” from the State of Bella Arm Air Kondrus, in the USSR was called the German occupation of Romagnia by Nikolaev Jewish soldiers of the old red (Prussian) guard of Elston-Sumarokov.
On December 30, 1922, the German occupation administration of the old red (Prussian) guard Elston-Sumarokov renamed itself the Soviet occupation administration in the State of Bella Arm Air Kondrus captured by Prussian troops.
Let’s translate again from Prussian into Russian: “In 1877, Romagnia (Land of Bella Arm Air Kondrus) was captured by the Soviet army of Elston-Sumarokov and went under Soviet occupation. And then the first Romanesque (Soviet) occupier king was Elston-Sumarokov himself. There was unity of command in the Red Army, just like in the CPSU. Even the Elston-Stalins are the same, since the war of 1863-1873. when the next Soviet occupier-king of the Prussians turned out to be Elston’s son: Comrade Stalin.
And then Ferdinand, the first Romanian (Soviet) occupier-king of Romania, captured by Prussian troops Bella Arm Air Kondrus, is Elston’s son: Nikolashka, aka Nikolai the Evil, aka Stalin’s brother.
And the task is further simplified with the creation of the Internet and computer technology.
Russia must know its heroes of the Civil War: the Nikolaev Jewish soldiers of the old red (Prussian) guard of Elston-Sumarokov with their struggle for socialism, communism and democracy in captured Russia with all of Russia.
03. The quote: “before that, it was under the domination of the Turkish Ottoman Empire for 300 years” should be translated from Prussian into Russian as follows.
03.1. Why did the Prussians offend us so much: only 300 years? Probably because it was composed in 1913 for the 300th anniversary of the house of the Romanovs (Yusupovs) - Nikolaev Jewish soldiers of the old Red (Prussian) Guard.
Romania was part of Bella Arm Air Kondrus not for 300 years, but: 1877 - 1363 = 514 years. Where else were they “squeezed” by the entire Red Army for 214 years?
And then the “Ottoman Empire” is Bella Arm Air Kondrus: Konde-Czartoryski, Oginski, Poniatowski, Vasa - Corporation of Officers of the General Staff Bella Arm Air Kondrus, Government of Russia and Command of the Russian Army 1363-1923. Republic.
And the Elston-Stalinists there were Nikolaev Jewish soldiers of the old Red (Prussian) Guard of 1863-1923. According to the History of the State of Bella Arm Air Kondrus, which they rewrote: “Germans” (bandits and lowlifes). In real life, Cossacks with their blacks from the American Civil War. Intelligentsia.
And then all these Russian-Turkish wars of Romanov, Lenin and Stalin, this is the capture of Russia by Prussian troops in 1863-1923, where the Turkey with which the Elston Cossacks of the old red (Prussian) guard fought was Russia - Bella Arm Air Kondrus.
And we have Cossacks, as always: the intelligentsia with their organized party groups, Nikolaev Jewish soldiers of the old red (Prussian) guard of Nicholas I Elston-Sumarokov.
The impostors of the “Romanovs” in that literary war of the Cossacks with the General Staff of the Russian Army (State and National) were Little Russian Polish Jewish soldiers of the old Red (Prussian) Guard Yusupov, relatives of Zinaida Nikolaevna, on the mother’s side of Felix Yusupov, the murderer of Rasputin.
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