This article will focus on the history of the discovery of the law universal gravity. Here we will get acquainted with biographical information from the life of the scientist who discovered this physical dogma, consider its main provisions, the relationship with quantum gravity, the course of development and much more.
Genius
Sir Isaac Newton is a scientist originally from England. At one time, he devoted a lot of attention and effort to such sciences as physics and mathematics, and also brought a lot of new things to mechanics and astronomy. He is rightfully considered one of the first founders of physics in its classical model. He is the author of the fundamental work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,” where he presented information about the three laws of mechanics and the law of universal gravitation. Isaac Newton laid the foundations of classical mechanics with these works. He also developed an integral type, light theory. He also made major contributions to physical optics and developed many other theories in physics and mathematics.
Law
The law of universal gravitation and the history of its discovery go back to the distant past. Its classical form is a law that describes gravitational-type interactions that do not go beyond the framework of mechanics.
Its essence was that the indicator of the force F of gravitational thrust arising between 2 bodies or points of matter m1 and m2, separated from each other by a certain distance r, maintains proportionality in relation to both indicators of mass and has inverse proportionality squared distance between bodies:
F = G, where the symbol G denotes the gravitational constant equal to 6.67408(31).10 -11 m 3 /kgf 2.
Newton's gravity
Before considering the history of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, let us familiarize ourselves in more detail with its general characteristics.
In the theory created by Newton, all bodies with large mass should generate a special field around themselves that attracts other objects to itself. It's called a gravitational field, and it has potential.
A body with spherical symmetry forms a field outside itself similar to the one that creates material point of the same mass, located in the center of the body.
The direction of the trajectory of such a point in the gravitational field created by a body with a much larger mass obeys. Objects of the universe, such as, for example, a planet or a comet, also obey it, moving along an ellipse or hyperbola. The distortion that other massive bodies create is taken into account using the provisions of perturbation theory.
Analyzing accuracy
After Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, it had to be tested and proven many times. For this purpose, a series of calculations and observations were made. Having come to agreement with its provisions and based on the accuracy of its indicator, the experimental form of evaluation serves as a clear confirmation of general relativity. Measuring the quadrupole interactions of a body that rotates, but its antennas remain stationary, shows us that the process of increasing δ depends on the potential r -(1+δ), at a distance of several meters and is in the limit (2.1±6.2) .10 -3 . A number of other practical confirmations allowed this law to establish itself and take a single form, without modifications. In 2007, this dogma was rechecked at a distance of less than a centimeter (55 microns-9.59 mm). Taking into account the errors of the experiment, scientists examined the distance range and found no obvious deviations in this law.
Observation of the Moon's orbit in relation to the Earth also confirmed its validity.
Euclidean space
Newton's classical theory of gravity is associated with Euclidean space. The actual equality with a fairly high accuracy (10 -9) of the indicators of the distance measure in the denominator of the equality discussed above shows us the Euclidean basis of the space of Newtonian mechanics, with a three-dimensional physical form. At such a point of matter, the area of the spherical surface has exact proportionality with respect to the square of its radius.
Data from history
Let's consider summary history of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation.
Ideas were put forward by other scientists who lived before Newton. Epicurus, Kepler, Descartes, Roberval, Gassendi, Huygens and others thought about it. Kepler hypothesized that the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the distance from the Sun and extends only in the ecliptic planes; according to Descartes, it was a consequence of the activity of vortices in the thickness of the ether. There were a number of guesses that reflected the correct guesses about the dependence on distance.
A letter from Newton to Halley contained information that the predecessors of Sir Isaac himself were Hooke, Wren and Buyot Ismael. However, before him, no one had been able to clearly, using mathematical methods, connect the law of gravity and planetary motion.
The history of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation is closely connected with the work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (1687). In this work, Newton was able to derive the law in question thanks to Kepler's empirical law, which was already known by that time. He shows us that:
- the form of movement of any visible planet indicates the presence of a central force;
- the force of attraction of the central type forms elliptical or hyperbolic orbits.
About Newton's theory
Inspection brief history The discovery of the law of universal gravitation can also point us to a number of differences that set it apart from previous hypotheses. Newton not only published the proposed formula for the phenomenon under consideration, but also proposed a mathematical model in its entirety:
- position on the law of gravity;
- provision on the law of motion;
- systematics of methods of mathematical research.
This triad could accurately study even the most complex movements celestial objects, thus creating the basis for celestial mechanics. Until Einstein began his work, this model did not require a fundamental set of corrections. Only the mathematical apparatus had to be significantly improved.
Object for discussion
The discovered and proven law throughout the eighteenth century became a well-known subject of active debate and scrupulous verification. However, the century ended with general agreement with his postulates and statements. Using the calculations of the law, it was possible to accurately determine the paths of movement of bodies in the heavens. Direct verification was carried out in 1798. He did this using a torsion type balance with great sensitivity. In the history of the discovery of the universal law of gravity, it is necessary to give a special place to the interpretations introduced by Poisson. He developed the concept of gravitational potential and the Poisson equation, with which it was possible to calculate this potential. This type of model made it possible to study the gravitational field in the presence of an arbitrary distribution of matter.
Newton's theory had many difficulties. The main one could be considered the inexplicability of long-range action. It was impossible to accurately answer the question of how gravitational forces are sent through vacuum space at infinite speed.
"Evolution" of the law
Over the next two hundred years, and even more, many physicists attempted to propose various ways to improve Newton's theory. These efforts ended in triumph in 1915, namely the creation of the General Theory of Relativity, which was created by Einstein. He was able to overcome the whole range of difficulties. In accordance with the correspondence principle, Newton's theory turned out to be an approximation to the beginning of work on the theory in a more general form, which can be applied under certain conditions:
- The potential of gravitational nature cannot be too large in the systems under study. solar system is an example of compliance with all the rules for the movement of celestial bodies. The relativistic phenomenon finds itself in a noticeable manifestation of the perihelion shift.
- The speed of movement in this group of systems is insignificant in comparison with the speed of light.
Proof that in a weak stationary gravitational field, general relativity calculations take the form of Newtonian ones is the presence of a scalar gravitational potential in a stationary field with weakly expressed force characteristics, which is capable of satisfying the conditions of the Poisson equation.
Quantum scale
However, in history scientific discovery the law of universal gravitation, nor General theory relativity could not serve as the final gravitational theory, since both do not satisfactorily describe gravitational-type processes on the quantum scale. An attempt to create a quantum gravitational theory is one of the most important tasks in modern physics.
From the point of view of quantum gravity, interaction between objects is created through the exchange of virtual gravitons. In accordance with the uncertainty principle, the energy potential of virtual gravitons is inversely proportional to the period of time in which it existed, from the point of emission by one object to the moment in time at which it was absorbed by another point.
In view of this, it turns out that on a small distance scale the interaction of bodies entails the exchange of virtual-type gravitons. Thanks to these considerations, it is possible to conclude a statement about Newton’s law of potential and its dependence in accordance with the inverse proportionality index with respect to distance. The analogy between Coulomb's and Newton's laws is explained by the fact that the weight of gravitons is zero. The weight of photons has the same meaning.
Misconception
In the school curriculum, the answer to the question from history, how Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, is the story of a falling apple fruit. According to this legend, it fell on the scientist’s head. However, this is a widespread misconception, and in reality everything was possible without such a case of possible head injury. Newton himself sometimes confirmed this myth, but in reality the law was not a spontaneous discovery and did not come in a fit of momentary insight. As was written above, it has been developed for a long time and was first presented in the works on the “Mathematical Principles”, which were released to the public in 1687.
We get a basic understanding of gravity at school. There we are usually told that there is such an amazing force that holds everyone on Earth, and only thanks to it we do not fly into outer space and do not walk upside down. This is where the fun practically ends, because at school we are told only the most basic and simple things. In reality, there is a lot of debate about universal gravity, scientists propose new theories and ideas, and there are many more nuances than you can imagine. In this collection you will find several very interesting facts and theories about gravitational influence, which were either not included in school curriculum, or they became known not so long ago.
10. Gravity is a theory, not a proven law.
There is a myth that gravity is a law. If you try to do online research on this topic, any search engine will offer you many links about Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. However, in the scientific community, laws and theories are completely different concepts. A scientific law is an irrefutable fact based on confirmed data that clearly explains the essence of occurring phenomena. A theory, in turn, is a kind of idea with the help of which researchers try to explain certain phenomena.
If we describe gravitational interaction in scientific terms, it immediately becomes completely clear to a relatively literate person why universal gravity is considered in a theoretical plane, and not as a law. Since scientists still do not have the ability to study the gravitational forces of every planet, satellite, star, asteroid and atom in the Universe, we have no right to recognize universal gravity as a law.
The robotic Voyager 1 probe traveled 21 billion kilometers, but even at such a far distance from Earth, it barely left our planetary system. The flight lasted 40 years and 4 months, and during all this time the researchers did not receive much data to transfer thoughts about gravity from the theoretical field into the category of laws. Our Universe is too big, and we still know too little...
9. There are many gaps in the theory about gravity
We have already established that universal gravity is just a theoretical concept. Moreover, it turns out that there are still many gaps in this theory, which clearly indicate its relative inferiority. Many inconsistencies have been noted not just within our solar system, but even here on Earth.
For example, according to the theory of universal gravity on the Moon, the gravitational force of the Sun should be felt much stronger than the gravity of the Earth. It turns out that the Moon should revolve around the Sun, and not around our planet. But we know that the Moon is our satellite, and for this, sometimes it’s enough just to raise your eyes to the night sky.
At school we were told about Isaac Newton, who had a fateful apple fall on his head, inspiring him with the idea of the theory of universal gravitation. Even Newton himself admitted that his theory had certain shortcomings. At one time, it was Newton who became the author of a new mathematical concept - fluxions (derivatives), which helped him in the formation of that very theory of gravitation. Fluxions may not sound so familiar to you, but in the end they have become firmly entrenched in the world of exact sciences.
Today, in mathematical analysis, the method of differential calculus is often used, based precisely on the ideas of Newton and his colleague Leibniz. However, this section of mathematics is also rather incomplete and not without its flaws.
8. Gravitational waves
Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was proposed in 1915. Around the same time, the hypothesis of gravitational waves appeared. Until 1974, the existence of these waves remained purely theoretical.
Gravitational waves can be compared to ripples on the canvas of the space-time continuum, which appear as a result of large-scale events in the Universe. Such events could be a collision of black holes, changes in the rotation speed of a neutron star, or a supernova explosion. When something like this happens, gravitational waves spread across the space-time continuum, like ripples in water from a stone falling into it. These waves travel through the Universe at the speed of light. We don't see catastrophic events very often, so it takes us many years to detect gravitational waves. That's why it took scientists more than 60 years to prove their existence.
For almost 40 years, scientists have been studying the first evidence of gravitational waves. As it turns out, these ripples arise during the merger of a binary system of very dense and heavy gravitationally bound stars revolving around a common center of mass. Over time, the components of the binary star come closer together and their speed gradually decreases, as predicted by Einstein in his theory. The magnitude of gravitational waves is so small that in 2017 they were even awarded a prize for their experimental detection. Nobel Prize in physics.
7. Black holes and gravity
Black holes are one of the biggest mysteries in the Universe. They appear during the gravitational collapse of a fairly large star, which becomes a supernova. When a supernova explosion occurs, space a significant mass of stellar matter is ejected. What is happening can provoke the formation of a space-time region in space in which the gravitational field becomes so strong that even light quanta are not able to leave this place (this black hole). It is not gravity itself that forms black holes, but it still plays a key role in observing and studying these regions.
It is the gravity of black holes that helps scientists detect them in the Universe. Because gravitational pull can be incredibly powerful, researchers can sometimes notice its effects on other stars or on the gases surrounding these regions. When a black hole sucks in gases, a so-called accretion disk is formed, in which matter is accelerated to such high speeds that it begins to produce intense radiation when heated. This glow can also be detected in the X-ray range. It was thanks to the accretion phenomenon that we were able to prove the existence of black holes (using special telescopes). It turns out that if it weren’t for gravity, we wouldn’t even know about the existence of black holes.
6. Theory about black matter and black energy
Approximately 68% of the Universe consists of dark energy, and 27% is reserved for dark matter. In theory. Despite the fact that in our world dark matter and dark energy have been allocated so much space, we know very little about them.
We presumably know that dark energy has a number of properties. For example, guided by Einstein's theory of gravity, scientists have suggested that dark energy is constantly expanding. By the way, scientists initially believed that Einstein’s theory would help them prove that over time, gravitational influence slows down the expansion of the Universe. However, in 1998, data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope gave reason to believe that the Universe is expanding only at an increasing speed. At the same time, scientists came to the conclusion that the theory of gravity is not able to explain the fundamental phenomena occurring in our Universe. This is how the hypothesis about the existence of dark energy and dark matter appeared, designed to justify the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe.
5. Gravitons
At school we are told that gravity is a force. But it could also be something more... It is possible that gravity in the future will be considered as a manifestation of a particle called graviton.
Hypothetically, gravitons are massless elementary particles that emit a gravitational field. To date, physicists have not yet proven the existence of these particles, but they already have many theories about why these gravitons must certainly exist. One such theory states that gravity is the only force (out of 4 fundamental forces nature or interactions), which has not yet been associated with any elementary particle or any structural unit.
Gravitons may exist, but recognizing them is incredibly difficult. Physicists suggest that gravitational waves consist of just these elusive particles. To detect gravitational waves, the researchers conducted many experiments, in one of which they used mirrors and lasers. An interferometric detector can help detect mirror displacements over even the most microscopic distances, but unfortunately it cannot detect changes associated with particles as tiny as gravitons. In theory, for such an experiment, scientists would need mirrors so heavy that if they collapsed, black holes could appear.
In general, it does not seem possible to detect or prove the existence of gravitons in the near future. For now, physicists are observing the Universe and hope that it is there that they will find answers to their questions and will be able to detect manifestations of gravitons somewhere outside of ground-based laboratories.
4. Theory of wormholes
Wormholes, wormholes or wormholes are another great mystery of the Universe. It would be cool to go into some kind of space tunnel and travel at the speed of light to get to another galaxy in the shortest possible time. These fantasies have been used more than once in science fiction thrillers. If there really are wormholes in the Universe, such jumps may be quite possible. At the moment, scientists have no evidence of the existence wormholes, but some physicists believe these hypothetical tunnels could be created by manipulating gravity.
Einstein's general theory of relativity allows for the possibility of mind-bending wormholes. Taking into account the work of the legendary scientist, another physicist, Ludwig Flamm, tried to describe how the force of gravity could distort time space in such a way that a new tunnel would form, a bridge between one region of the fabric of physical reality and another. Of course, there are other theories.
3. Planets also have a gravitational influence on the Sun
We already know that the gravitational field of the Sun affects all objects in our planetary system, and that is why they all revolve around our single star. By the same principle, the Earth is connected with the Moon, and that is why the Moon revolves around our home planet.
However, each planet and any other celestial body with sufficient mass in our solar system also has its own gravitational fields, which affect the Sun, other planets and all other space objects. The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted depends on the mass of the object and the distance between the celestial bodies.
In our solar system, it is thanks to gravitational interaction that all objects rotate in their given orbits. The strongest gravitational attraction, of course, is from the Sun. By and large, all celestial bodies with sufficient mass have their own gravitational field and influence other objects with significant mass, even if they are located at a distance of several light years.
2. Microgravity
We have all seen more than once photographs of astronauts soaring through orbital stations or even going outside the spacecraft in special protective suits. You are probably accustomed to thinking that these scientists usually tumble in space without feeling any gravity, because there is none there. And you would be very wrong if so. There is gravity in space too. It is customary to call it microgravity, because it is almost imperceptible. It is thanks to microgravity that astronauts feel light as feathers and so freely float in space. If there were no gravity at all, the planets simply would not revolve around the Sun, and the Moon would have left Earth’s orbit long ago.
The further an object is from the center of gravity, the weaker the force of gravity. It is microgravity that acts on the ISS, because all the objects there are much further from the Earth’s gravitational field than even you are right here now. Gravity weakens at other levels as well. For example, let's take one individual atom. This is such a tiny particle of matter that it also experiences a fairly modest gravitational force. As atoms combine into groups, this force, of course, increases.
1. Time travel
The idea of time travel has fascinated humanity for quite some time. Many theories, including the theory of gravity, give hope that such travel will actually one day become possible. According to one concept, gravity forms a certain bend in the space-time continuum, which forces all objects in the Universe to move along a curved trajectory. As a result, objects in space move slightly faster compared to objects on Earth. More precisely, here’s an example: the clocks on space satellites are 38 microseconds (0.000038 seconds) ahead of your home alarm clocks every day.
Since gravity causes objects to move faster in space than on Earth, astronauts can actually be considered time travelers as well. However, this journey is so insignificant that upon returning home neither the astronauts themselves nor their loved ones notice any fundamental difference. But this does not negate one very interesting question - is it possible to use gravitational influence for time travel, as shown in science fiction films?
The science
Here on Earth, we take gravity for granted. However, the force of gravity, by which objects are drawn towards each other in proportion to their mass, is much greater than an apple falling on Newton's head. Below are the strangest facts about this universal force.
It's all in our head
The force of gravity is a constant and consistent phenomenon, but our perception of this force is not so. According to a study published in April 2011 in the journal PLoS ONE, people are able to make more accurate judgments about falling objects while sitting.
The researchers concluded that our perception of gravity is based less on the actual visual direction of the force and more on the "orientation" of the body.
The findings could lead to a new strategy to help astronauts cope with microgravity in space.
Hard descent to the ground
The experience of astronauts has shown that the transition from a state of weightlessness and back can be very difficult for the human body. In the absence of gravity, muscles begin to atrophy, and bones also begin to lose bone mass. According to NASA, astronauts can lose up to 1 percent of their bone mass per month.
Upon returning to earth, astronauts' bodies and minds need a period of time to recover. Blood pressure, which in space becomes equal throughout the body, should return to normal functioning, in which the heart works well and the brain receives enough food.
Sometimes the restructuring of the body has an extremely difficult effect on astronauts, both physically (fainting repeatedly, etc.) and emotionally. For example, one astronaut told how, upon returning from space, he broke a bottle of aftershave lotion at home, because he forgot that if he released it into the air, it would fall and break, and would not float in it.
To lose weight, "try Pluto"
On this dwarf planet, a person weighing 68 kilograms would weigh no more than 4.5 kg.
At the same time, on the other hand, on the planet with the most high level gravity, Jupiter, the same person will weigh about 160.5 kg.
A person will probably also feel like a feather on Mars, since the force of gravity on this planet is only 38 percent of that on earth, that is, a 68-kilogram person will feel how light his gait is, since he will only weigh 26 kg.
Different gravity
Even on earth, gravity is not the same everywhere. Due to the fact that the form globe– this is not an ideal sphere; its mass is distributed unevenly. Therefore, uneven mass means uneven gravity.
One mysterious gravity anomaly is observed in Hudson Bay in Canada. This region has lower gravity than others, and a 2007 study identified the cause as melting glaciers.
The ice that once covered this area during the last Ice Age has long since melted, but the Earth is not completely free of its burden. Since the gravity of an area is proportional to the mass of that region, and the "glacial trail" has pushed aside some of the earth's mass, gravity has become weaker here. Minor cortical deformation explains 25-45 percent of the unusually low gravitational force, among other things, the movement of magma in the Earth’s mantle is also “blamed” for this.
Without gravity, some viruses would be stronger
Bad news for space cadets: Some bacteria become unbearable in space.
In the absence of gravity, the activity of at least 167 genes and 73 proteins changes in bacteria.
Mice that ate food with such salmonella got sick much faster.
In other words, the danger of infection doesn't necessarily come from outer space; it's more likely that our own bacteria are gathering strength to attack.
Black holes at the center of the galaxy
So named because nothing, not even light, can escape their gravitational pull, black holes are among the most destructive objects in the universe. At the center of our galaxy is a massive black hole with the mass of 3 million suns. Sounds scary, doesn't it? However, according to experts from Kyoto University, this black hole is currently “just resting.”
In fact, a black hole does not pose a danger to us earthlings, since it is very far away and behaves extremely calmly. However, in 2008 it was reported that the hole was sending out bursts of energy about 300 years ago. Another study published in 2007 found that several thousand years ago, a "galactic hiccup" sent a small amount of material the size of Mercury into this very hole, resulting in a powerful explosion.
This black hole, named Sagittarius A*, has a relatively fuzzy shape compared to other black holes. "This weakness means that stars and gas rarely get too close to the black hole," says Frederick Baganoff. Researcher Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "There is a huge appetite, but it is not being satisfied."
Gravity
Today's physics lesson will be devoted to studying a topic that introduces us to the concept of force. Well, now let's try to understand in more detail what gravity is, and what is simply the concept of force?
For any inhabitant of planet Earth, gravity plays a huge role.
Gravity is the force with which all bodies are attracted to the Earth.
If, for example, we take two objects of the same shape, but different in size, then we will see that both bodies will be attracted to the Earth, but the difference between them is that the force with which they will be attracted to the Earth is not the same. After all, the greater the mass of a given body, the greater the force with which the body is attracted to the Earth.
Definition of force
With such interaction of bodies with each other, their speed will change differently. So, for example, a body can not only start moving, but also stop or even change the direction of speed. As a rule, we practically do not touch upon the issue of the influence of any particular body on a given body, but only mention that the body’s speed changes under the influence of force. So, let's define force.
Force - physical quantity, characterizing the force of change in speed.
There are 4 criteria for the action of force on a body. Let's look at them in more detail. So, what are these forces?
Firstly, this is when the body's force values change;
Secondly, when the body can change direction of movement;
Third, when changes in body size may occur;
Fourthly, changes in the shape of a given body can also occur.
Body deformation
It is also important to emphasize that a change in speed may not occur in the entire body, but only in some of its parts. For example, if you take and squeeze a foam ball, you and I will see that only some of its parts begin to move. This means that deformation has occurred with this ball.
Let's define deformation:
Well, now let's look at an example of the movement of a body that is thrown horizontally. To do this, attach a chute to a tripod and launch a ball along it. From this example we see that the trajectory of the ball is not straight, but its movement is uniform. Let's now try to figure out why this happens. And the reason for this movement is that all bodies located on the surface of the Earth tend to be attracted to the Earth. This could be a person who is bouncing on the surface of the Earth, and an object that is raised above the surface of the Earth, since all bodies are attracted to the Earth.
In addition, it is worth noting that not only bodies are attracted to the Earth, but also all these bodies have the ability to attract the Earth to themselves.
Each of you knows that twice a day, you can watch how they rise big waves on the seas and oceans. Now let's remember why this happens. The reason is that the Moon has an effect on the Earth. It would be more correct to say that there is interaction between them.
This interaction was first described by the English physicist Isaac Newton. According to him, all bodies in the Universe have the ability to attract each other. He also determined that the higher the mass of interacting bodies, the greater the force of their interaction. According to Newton's calculations, it follows that the higher the distances between these bodies, the less force of interaction will be.
Interesting facts about gravity
From the topic we have covered, you already know that gravity refers to the force that pulls everything around to the center of the Earth. This is such an incredible force that any object can fall, but cannot fly into space on its own. Thanks to this force, the Moon rotates around the Earth.
Did you know that not only the Earth, but also all other planets and stars have an attractive force. What’s also interesting is that the larger a planet is, and if it is close to another object, then the greater the gravitational force it has.
But the Sun, although located quite far from the planets, due to its enormous size, is capable of holding these planets around itself and forces them to rotate around its orbit.
We earthlings take gravity for granted. It is known that Isaac Newton developed the theory of universal gravitation because an apple fell on his head from a tree. But in reality, Earth's gravity is much more than a fruit falling from a tree. Our review contains several interesting facts about this power.
Toilet physics
On Earth, people want to relieve themselves as soon as they bladder will be filled to 1/3 of its maximum volume. This happens due to the effect of gravity on each of us. This is why astronauts on the ISS do not feel the need to urinate until their bladder is full.
Simple colonization
Gravity is a very important issue when colonizing other worlds. In theory, people can live on planets whose gravity differs from Earth's by no more than three times. Otherwise, the blood supply to the brain will be disrupted.
Mountain height
In theory, gravity determines the maximum height of the hills that form on the planet. So for the Earth (again in theory), mountains cannot exceed a height of 15 kilometers.
Lunar physics
During the historic Apollo mission, astronauts who landed on the surface of the Moon tested Galileo's theory of free fall acceleration. It turned out that objects on the moon, regardless of their mass, fall faster than on Earth. The reason for this is the lack of air and, as a result, resistance.
Failed Star
Many scientists consider Jupiter a failed star. The planet has a strong enough gravitational field to gain the mass the star needs, but it does not have a strong enough field to begin transforming into another star.
Teleportation
If you take and remove the Sol somewhere in an instant, then the solar system will continue to experience the effect of its gravitational field for some time. For the Earth, in theory, this “happiness” would last about 8 minutes, after which the celestial bodies would begin to lose their orbits.
Mountains on the stars
If our Sun ever turns into a neutron star, then according to scientists’ calculations, the gravity on it will be so powerful that the height of big mountains on its surface could not exceed 5 millimeters.
The mournful singing of the stars
Effect of gravitational field celestial bodies after their disappearance is not a dry theory at all. Our Solar System and our home planet are constantly experiencing the gravitational field of other stars. Considering the speed of the field's propagation in space, many of these stars ceased to exist a very, very long time ago.
Candles in space