Pyotr Mikhailovich Eropkin was born in 1689. He belonged to an old but impoverished noble family. The ancestor of the Eropkin nobles is considered to be Ivan Evstafievich Eropka, a descendant of Prince Rostislav of Smolensk. From early childhood, the boy was distinguished by his great abilities in science and drawing, but, according to the customs of that time, he was assigned to military service. Tsar Peter I took a close look at the talents of young nobles. In 1716, he ordered the selection of 20 capable young people to be sent to study abroad. Pyotr Eropkin was among them. He was sent to Rome to study architectural art, drawing, philosophy and Italian. Together with other pensioners, Eropkin sailed to Amsterdam, and from there to Italy. The first Italian city that Eropkin visited was Livorno. There he lived for six months, studying Italian and collecting literature on architecture. Then Eropkin went to Rome. His path lay through Venice and Florence. The young man was struck by the beauty of these cities and the ability of Italian masters to decorate the centers of squares with fountains and monuments. He especially admired Venice. In Rome, Eropkin’s practical classes were led by the architect Sebastian Cipriani. The future architect reverently studied the great works of Italian masters, studied the treatises of Vignola and Palladio. Eropkin and his colleague Usov were the first Russians to receive an architectural education in Italy. Probably, in addition to Holland and Italy, the architect also visited France, since he was fluent in French.

In 1724, Eropkin returned to St. Petersburg. Peter I was very pleased with his successes. Eropkin was the only one among Russian architects who, from the very beginning of his career, was awarded the title of architect with the rank of lieutenant colonel by the tsar’s personal decree. In January 1725, the architect received the rank of colonel. After the death of Peter I, the architect went to Moscow, where he built three triumphal arches for the coronation of the new emperor, Peter II. In Moscow, his meeting took place with Artemy Volynsky. Soon, in addition to friendships, their relationship became family. Volynsky married Eropkin's sister.

Under Anna Ioannovna, Eropkin became the chief architect, without whose permission nothing was built in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg grew rapidly, its population increased, and the city’s importance in the life of Russia and Europe also increased. The urban area needed a rational organization, and the first steps in this direction were taken in the 30s of the 18th century. In 1737, a government decree announced the formation of the St. Petersburg Building Commission, headed by Russian city planners P. M. Eropkin and I. K. Korobov. The main task of the commission was “...to show the streets and places... in what proportion... where public squares should be.” On a scale that surprised their contemporaries, the architects developed a unified planning structure for St. Petersburg, clear, clear and very convenient. From the Admiralty Tower, Nevsky, Voznesensky and Srednyaya Perspektiva (Gorohovaya Street) rushed to the city outskirts. They were crossed by several ring highways, including natural waterways - the Moika, Fontanka and the Catherine Canal. Spacious squares were to appear at the intersections of the streets designated by the Commission. But the three-ray system was only a skeleton, the basis of the urban organism. In order to transform from a diagram into a living reality, it needed to acquire the “flesh” of architectural ensembles. The time for this came only many years later.
Together with Mikhail Zemtsov, Eropkin compiled the first architectural and construction treatise in Russia, “The Position of the Architectural Expedition,” which clearly outlined the rights and responsibilities of architects. In addition, Eropkin translated the works of Palladio into Russian, providing them with his own comments. All this characterizes the architect not only as a talented architect, but also as a major theorist of architecture of that time.

Cabinet Minister Volynsky, who had fallen into disgrace by that time, trying to restore his influence over the queen, proposed organizing an “ice wedding” of Anna Ioannovna’s jesters. According to Eropkin's design, a palace was built from ice blocks, known as the Ice House. The Empress liked the holiday, but this did not help Volynsky. Soon, following a denunciation, he was arrested. He was accused of conspiracy and preparation of a coup. Among others, his relative Pyotr Eropkin was arrested. Participants in the conspiracy were tortured and sentenced to death. On June 27, 1740, an execution took place at the Sytny market near the Peter and Paul Fortress. The corpses of those executed without church rites were buried near the fence of Sampsonievskaya Church. Their property was confiscated, and Eropkin’s extensive library was transferred to the Academy of Sciences.

Pyotr Mikhailovich Eropkin(about 1698 - June 27 (July 8) 1740, St. Petersburg) - Russian architect, head of the Commission on St. Petersburg Buildings, which compiled the first general plan of St. Petersburg; developed projects for the planning and development of central areas, fixing the three main radial avenues, and outlined ways for the further development of the city.

Origin

From the nobles; father, Mikhail Matveevich Eropkin (1663-1721), was a serving Moscow nobleman. In the sixth part of the genealogy of the “Noble Estate of the Tula Province” his descendants are indicated - Nikolai, Peter, Avdotya, Anna and Alexey (married to Anna Vasilievna Olsufieva). In the “Census of Moscow Households of the 18th Century,” Colonel Mikhail Matveevich Eropkin was listed as having a courtyard in the parish of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, on Pokrovka in Kotelniki, as well as courtyards in Naprudnaya Sloboda. In the confessional book of the church for 1737, number 16 indicates the house of the architect Pyotr Mikhailov, son of Eropkin. In the Moscow region, he was assigned the village of Kulakovo on the Lopasnya River, which in 1742 passed to his brother Alexei, a titular councilor.

Biography

In 1716-1724, together with T. Usov, P. Kolychev and F. Isakov, Pyotr Mikhailovich Eropkin studied in Italy, first under the supervision of Yu. I. Kologrivov, then - S. V. Raguzinsky. In the spring of 1724, Eropkin, together with Timofey Usov, received an order from Peter I to design the royal palace in Preobrazhenskoye - this was the beginning of Eropkin’s architectural activity.

In 1726-1728, Eropkin supervised the construction of individual buildings and structures in Strelna and Peterhof; according to the drawings of M. G. Zemtsov, he erected the Assembly Hall and utility rooms in Monplaisir. Since 1726, he was also part of the commission to examine the collapsed stone tent of the cathedral in the New Jerusalem Resurrection Monastery. At the end of the 1720s, he was involved in the creation of an architectural ensemble in Lefortovo. In September 1730, Eropkin was commissioned to investigate the dilapidation of the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. He is also credited, by some sources, with the creation of the architectural ensemble of the Glinka estate at this time.

Eropkin was the chief architect of the St. Petersburg Police Chief's Office in 1732-1735. From 1737 he was the chief architect of the “Commission on St. Petersburg Buildings,” created on July 10 (21). He headed the creation of the first Russian architectural and construction treatise “The Position of the Architectural Expedition” (1737-1741), translated into Russian certain chapters of the treatise “Four Books on Architecture” by Andrea Palladio (1737-1740).

Even during the life of Peter I, Eropkin developed the project of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, which was not implemented due to the death of the Tsar.

Later, according to the designs of P. M. Eropkin, the unpreserved mud-brick Lutheran Church of St. Anna (Kirochnaya, 8) (1735-1740), a number of houses on the English Embankment (including Count S. A. Saltykov (1733), A. L Naryshkin, etc.), stone chambers of A.P. Volynsky (1731-1736) on Rozhdestvenka in Moscow and many others. In 1740, the famous Ice House was built.

In 1740, with the group of A.P. Volynsky, he opposed the Bironovism and was executed on June 27 of the same year. After Elizabeth’s accession to the throne, the “Volynsky case” was terminated, the good name of its members was restored, and the living, including P. M. Eropkin’s assistant Ivan Blank, were returned from exile. In 1886, a monument was erected at the grave of A.P. Volynsky, P.M. Eropkin and A.F. Khrushchev in the fence of Sampsonievsky Cathedral on Bolshoi Sampsonievsky Prospekt (architect M.A. Shchurupov, bas-relief by A.M. Opekushin).

After the death of Peter I, Eropkin worked in Moscow, where he built triumphal arches on the occasion of the coronation of Peter II. In Moscow, the architect met Artemy Volynsky, who later married the architect’s sister.

Under Anna Ioannovna, Pyotr Eropkin became the chief architect of St. Petersburg. Nothing was built in the city without his permission. The capital of the Russian Empire grew quickly, and this growth was ordered by the chief architect. In 1737, the Commission on the St. Petersburg Building was created, headed by Pyotr Eropkin and Ivan Korobov. It was they who created the first master plan of St. Petersburg with a three-ray street system. Together with Mikhail Zemtsov Pyotr Eropkin developed the first rules in Russia that were to guide all architects - the treatise “The Position of the Architectural Expedition”.

The architect also worked for private clients. In the 1730s, for Baron Osterman, he built a house on Nizhnyaya ( English) embankment, on the site of which it is now located Laval house(house no. 4).

None of the buildings of Peter Eropkin have survived to this day. However, the strict street system of the historical part of St. Petersburg still retains traces of his work.

Pyotr Mikhailovich Eropkin (about 1698 - 27th of June ( July 8) 1740 , Saint Petersburg) - Russian architect, who supervised the compilation master plan of St. Petersburg, developed plans for the planning and development of its central areas, fixing the three main radial avenues, and outlined ways for the further development of the city.

IN 1716 -1724 studied at Italy. WITH 1737 was the chief architect "Commission on St. Petersburg buildings", created 10 (21 July. Led the creation of the first Russian architectural and construction treatise “The Position of an Architectural Expedition” ( 1737 -1741 ), translated individual chapters into Russian treatise « Four books about architecture» Andrea Palladio (1737 -1740 ).

While still alive Peter I Eropkin developed a project that was not implemented due to the death of the Tsar Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Later, according to the designs of P. M. Eropkin, the unpreserved mud-brick building was erected St. Anne's Lutheran Church (Kirochnaya, 8), stone chambers A. P. Volynsky on Rozhdestvenka V Moscow. IN 1740 the famous one was built Ice house.

The activities of I.E. Zabelin in the field of study and protection of monuments, his role in the creation of the Historical Museum in Moscow; historical and philosophical concept of I.E. Zabelin and his “theory of originality” of Russian art.

Ivan Egorovich Zabelin is a Russian archaeologist and historian of Slavophile views, a specialist in the history of the city of Moscow, an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, the initiator of the creation and comrade of the chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Emperor Alexander III, Privy Councilor.

Born in 1820 in Tver, into a poor family. In 1832, the boy was assigned to study at the Preobrazhenskoe Orphan School. Already during the years of apprenticeship, an interest in historical knowledge manifested itself. The most impressive, according to him, were “The Biography of Plutarch”, “History” by Karamzin, etc. the period when the analysis and study of a huge collection of historical documents began there, at the same time Zabelin taught history and archeology at the Konstantinovsky Survey Institute, and then at the school of survey topographers (until 1871). Acquaintance with Stroev and Snegirev aroused his interest in studying Russian antiquity. Based on archival documents, he wrote his first article about the travels of the Russian tsars on pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, which he published as an extract in the Moscow Provincial Gazette. The history course given by Granovsky at home expanded Zabelin’s historical horizons. In 1848 he received a position assistant archivist in the palace office, and in 1856 took the place of archivist.

In 1859, he joined the Imperial Archaeological Commission as a junior member, and he was entrusted with the excavation of Scythian mounds in the Ekaterinoslav province and on the Taman Peninsula, near Kerch, which yielded many precious finds that replenished the Golden Collection of the Hermitage (over 7 years). In 1862, under his leadership, the now world famous Chertomlyk mound was excavated. Among the treasures found was a silver vase decorated with ornaments and friezes depicting scenes from the life of the Scythians. The results of the excavations are described by Zabelin in “Antiquities of Herodotus Scythia” (1866 and 1873) and in the reports of the archaeological commission. Zabelin left his service in the commission. In 1879 he was elected chairman of the Society of History and Antiquity and then joint chairman of the historical museum. \in 1892 - honorary member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1880, at the invitation of the Duma, Zabelin supervised research on the history of Moscow, becoming the official historiographer of the ancient city. In 1902, his “History of the City of Moscow” Part 1 was published. The author examines the prerequisites for the emergence of the city, the beginning of Moscow, and gives a detailed analysis of the Kremlin buildings. For the book, Zabelin was awarded a gold medal from the Moscow Archaeological Society.

Zabelin was a collector of ancient manuscripts, collecting chronicle texts, which in 1909 entered the Historical Museum. He substantiated the archaeological theory of the Russian style. based on the originality of folk architecture. Idealizing it, he wrote: “Ancient Russian mansions, which grew organically from peasant cells, naturally retained in their composition the appearance of a beautiful disorder... According to the concepts of antiquity, the first beauty of a building lay not in the correspondence of the parts, but, on the contrary, in their originality, their variety and independence."

From a number of articles of the 50s and 60s, collected in 2 volumes of “Experiences in the Study of Russian Antiquities” (1872 - 1873), the following stand out: “History and Antiquities of Moscow”, “Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich”, “Russian Personality and Russian Society on the eve of Peter's reform", "Reflections on modern tasks of Russian history and antiquities". Also interesting are the articles “Features of originality in ancient Russian architecture”

In addition, Zabelin published: “Historical description of the Moscow Donskoy Monastery”, “Historical description of the Donskoy Monastery”, “Materials for the history, archeology and statistics of the city of Moscow.

Zabelin died on December 31, 1908. In his will, Zabelin fully expressed his attitude towards the museum: “I consider as my heirs only my own daughter Maria Alexandrovna Zabelina and the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Alexander III, therefore, in the event of the death of my daughter, the entire inheritance, without any exception, is yes will become the property of this Historical Museum..." He bequeathed to the museum his salary for all the years of service, as well as his library, collections of manuscripts, icons, maps, prints. He allocated 70 thousand rubles for the purchase of new collections. He bequeathed 170 thousand to scientific institutions, 30 thousand - for the publication of his works.

Pyotr Mikhailovich Eropkin was born in 1689.

He belonged to an old but impoverished noble family.

The ancestor of the Eropkin nobles is considered to be Ivan Evstafievich Eropka, a descendant of Prince Rostislav of Smolensk.

From early childhood, the boy was distinguished by his great abilities in science and drawing, but, according to the customs of that time, he was assigned to military service.

Tsar Peter I took a close look at the talents of young nobles.

In 1716, he ordered the selection of 20 capable young people to be sent to study abroad.

Pyotr Eropkin was among them. He was sent to Rome to study architectural art, drawing, philosophy and Italian.

Together with other pensioners, Eropkin sailed to Amsterdam, and from there to Italy. The first Italian city that Eropkin visited was Livorno. There he lived for six months, studying Italian and collecting literature on architecture. Then Eropkin went to Rome. His path lay through Venice and Florence.

The young man was struck by the beauty of these cities and the ability of Italian masters to decorate the centers of squares with fountains and monuments. He especially admired Venice. In Rome, Eropkin’s practical classes were led by the architect Sebastian Cipriani.

The future architect reverently studied the great works of Italian masters, studied the treatises of Vignola and Palladio.

Eropkin and his colleague Usov were the first Russians to receive an architectural education in Italy. Probably, in addition to Holland and Italy, the architect also visited France, since he was fluent in French.

Thus, in 1716-1724 he studied in Italy.

In 1724 Eropkin returned to St. Petersburg. Peter I was very pleased with his successes.

Eropkin was the only one among Russian architects who, from the very beginning of his career, was awarded the title of architect with the rank of lieutenant colonel by the tsar’s personal decree.

In January 1725, the architect received the rank of colonel.
After the death of Peter I, the architect went to Moscow, where he built three triumphal arches for the coronation of the new emperor, Peter II. In Moscow, he met with Artemy Volynsky.

Soon, in addition to friendships, their relationship became family.

Volynsky married Eropkin's sister.

Under Anna Ioannovna, Eropkin became the chief architect, without whose permission nothing was built in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg grew rapidly, its population increased, and the city’s importance in the life of Russia and Europe also increased. The urban area needed a rational organization, and the first steps in this direction were taken in the 30s. 18th century

From 1737 he was the chief architect of the “Commission on St. Petersburg Buildings,” created on July 10 (21).

He headed the creation of the first Russian architectural and construction treatise “The Position of the Architectural Expedition” (1737-1741), translated into Russian certain chapters of the treatise “Four Books on Architecture” by Andrea Palladio (1737-1740), providing them with his comments. All this characterizes the architect not only as a talented architect, but also as a major theorist of architecture of that time.

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)
Italian architect of the late Renaissance. The founder of Palladianism and classicism. Born in Padua, which was at that time part of the Venetian Republic, in the family of a miller. In 1524, the future master moved to Vicenza, where for several years he performed hard work in stone-cutting workshops. Subsequently, under the guidance of the humanist G. Trissino, Andrea Palladio received a comprehensive humanistic and architectural education. To measure ancient architectural monuments, Palladio traveled to Verona, Rome, Split in Croatia, and the city of Nimes in France.

Drawing from the book I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, 1570

Andrea Palladio. Facade of Villa Repeta

Even during the life of Peter I, Eropkin developed the project of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, which was not implemented due to the death of the Tsar. Later, according to the designs of P. M. Eropkin, the unpreserved mud-brick Lutheran Church of St. Anne was erected (Kirochnaya, 8), stone chambers of A.P. Volynsky at Rozhdestvenka Moscow.

St. Anne's Lutheran Church. Engraving by Gobert from a drawing by A. M. Gornostaev. 1834

VOLYNSKY Artemy Petrovich (, Russian architect. In 1716-24 he studied in Italy. In 1737 he was the chief architect of the Commission on St. Petersburg buildings. He supervised the preparation of the master plan of St. Petersburg, developed plans for the planning and development of its central areas, fixing 3 main radial avenues, and outlined the paths for further development of the city. He headed the creation of the first Russian architectural and construction treatise “The Position of the Architectural Expedition” (1737-41), translated into Russian certain chapters of the treatise “4 Books on Architecture" by A. Palladio (1737-40). the group of A.P. Volynsky (See Volynsky) opposed the Bironovism and was executed.