Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans Nikolai Nikolaevich Zubov
2. Circumnavigation of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” (1803–1806)
2. Circumnavigation of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”
The main objectives of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern - Lisyansky were: delivery of goods of the Russian-American company to the Far East and sale of furs from this company in China, delivery of an embassy to Japan, which aimed to establish trade relations with Japan, and the production of associated geographical discoveries and research.
For the expedition, two ships were purchased in England: one with a displacement of 450 tons, called "Nadezhda", and another with a displacement of 350 tons, called "Neva". Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern took command of the Nadezhda, and Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky took command of the Neva.
The crews of both ships, both officers and sailors, were military and recruited from volunteers. Kruzenshtern was advised to take several foreign sailors for his first circumnavigation. “But,” writes Kruzenshtern, “I, knowing the superior properties of Russian ones, which I even prefer to English ones, did not agree to follow this advice.” Kruzenshtern never repented of this. On the contrary, after crossing the equator, he noted the remarkable property of the Russian man - he can equally easily endure both the severest cold and the searing heat.
71 people set sail on the Nadezhda and 53 on the Neva. In addition, astronomer Horner, naturalists Tilesius and Langsdorf and doctor of medicine Laband took part in the expedition.
Despite the fact that Nadezhda and Neva belonged to a private Russian-American company, Alexander I allowed them to sail under a military flag.
All preparations for the expedition were carried out very carefully and lovingly. On the advice of G. A. Sarychev, the expedition was equipped with the most modern astronomical and navigation instruments, in particular chronometers and sextants.
Unexpectedly, just before setting sail, Kruzenshtern received the task of taking Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the Russian-American Company, to Japan, who was supposed to try to establish trade relations with Japan. Rezanov and his retinue boarded the Nadezhda. This task forced us to reconsider the expedition’s work plan and, as we will see later, resulted in a loss of time for the Nadezhda’s voyage to the shores of Japan and stopover in Nagasaki.
The very intention of the Russian government to establish trade relations with Japan was quite natural. After the Russians entered the Pacific Ocean, Japan became one of Russia's closest neighbors. It has already been mentioned that the Shpanberg expedition was given the task of finding sea routes to Japan, and that the ships of Shpanberg and Walton were already approaching the shores of Japan and conducting friendly barter trade with the Japanese.
It further happened that on the Aleutian island of Amchitka around 1782 a Japanese ship was wrecked and its crew was brought to Irkutsk, where they lived for almost 10 years. Catherine II ordered the Siberian governor-general to send the detained Japanese to their homeland and use this pretext to establish trade with Japan. Lieutenant Adam Kirillovich Laxman, who was elected as a representative for the negotiations of the guard, set off from Okhotsk in 1792 on the transport “Ekaterina” under the command of navigator Grigory Lovtsov and spent the winter in Nemuro harbor on the eastern tip of the island of Hokkaido. In the summer of 1793, at the request of the Japanese, Laxman moved to the port of Hakodate, from where he traveled by land for negotiations to Matsmai, the main city of Hokkaido. During the negotiations, Laxman, thanks to his diplomatic skills, achieved success. In particular, paragraph 3 of the document received by Laxman stated:
"3. The Japanese cannot enter into negotiations on trade anywhere except for the one designated port of Nagasaki, and therefore now they only give Laxman a written form with which one Russian ship can come to the said port, where there will be Japanese officials who must negotiate with the Russians on this subject " Having received this document, Laxman returned to Okhotsk in October 1793. Why this permission was not used immediately remains unknown. In any case, Nadezhda, together with Ambassador Rezanov, was supposed to enter Nagasaki.
During the stay in Copenhagen (August 5–27) and in another Danish port, Helsingor (August 27–September 3), cargo was carefully shifted on the Nadezhda and Neva and the chronometers were checked. The scientists invited to the expedition, Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, arrived in Copenhagen. On the way to Falmouth (southwestern England), during a storm, the ships separated and the Neva arrived there on September 14, and Nadezhda on September 16.
“Nadezhda” and “Neva” left Falmouth on September 26 and on October 8 anchored in Santa Cruz Bay on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), where they remained until October 15.
On November 14, 1803, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet. Of all the officers and sailors, only ship commanders who had previously sailed as volunteers in the English fleet had crossed it. Who would have thought then that seventeen years later the Russian warships “Vostok” and “Mirny”, circumnavigating the world in high southern latitudes, would discover what sailors of other nations could not - the sixth continent of the globe - Antarctica!
On December 9, the ships arrived at the island of St. Catherine (off the coast of Brazil) and stayed here until January 23, 1804, to change the foremast and mainmast on the Neva.
Having rounded Cape Horn, the ships were separated on March 12 during a storm. In this case, Kruzenshtern pre-arranged successive meeting places: Easter Island and the Marquesas Islands. However, on the way, Kruzenshtern changed his intentions, went straight to the Marquesas Islands and on April 25 anchored off the island of Nuku Hiva.
Lisyansky, unaware of such a change in route, went to Easter Island, stayed under sail from April 4 to 9 and, without waiting for Kruzenshtern, went to the island of Nuku Hiva, where he arrived on April 27.
The ships remained off the island of Nuku Hiva until May 7. During this time, a convenient anchorage, called the port of Chichagov, was found and described, and the latitudes and longitudes of several islands and points were determined.
From the island of Nuku Hiva the ships went north and on May 27 approached the Hawaiian Islands. Kruzenshtern’s plans to purchase fresh provisions from local residents were unsuccessful. Kruzenshtern stayed off the Hawaiian Islands under sail on May 27 and 28 and then, in order not to delay the completion of his task - visiting Nagasaki, he went straight to Petropavlovsk, where he arrived on July 3. Lisyansky, anchored off the island of Hawaii from May 31 to June 3, set off according to plan to Kodiak Island.
From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern set sail on August 27, sailed south along the eastern coast of Japan and then through the Van Diemen Strait (south of Kyushu Island) from the Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea. On September 26, Nadezhda anchored in Nagasaki.
Rezanov's embassy was unsuccessful. The Japanese not only did not agree to any agreement with Russia, but did not even accept gifts intended for the Japanese emperor.
On April 5, 1805, Kruzenshtern, finally leaving Nagasaki, passed through the Korea Strait, ascended the Sea of Japan, then almost unknown to Europeans, and put on the map many notable points on the western coast of Japan. The position of some points was determined astronomically.
On May 1, Kruzenshtern passed through the La Perouse Strait from the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk, carried out some hydrographic work here, and on May 23, 1805 returned to Petropavlovsk, where Rezanov’s embassy left the Nadezhda.
Circumnavigation of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the Nadezhda and Neva (1803–1806).
On September 23, 1805, “Nadezhda”, after reloading the holds and replenishing provisions, left Petropavlovsk for the return voyage to Kronstadt. She proceeded through the Bashi Strait into the South China Sea and dropped anchor in Macau on 8 November.
After stopping off the Hawaiian Islands, the Neva set off, as already mentioned, to the Aleutian Islands. On June 26, Chirikov Island opened, and on July 1, 1804, the Neva anchored in the Pavlovsk harbor of Kodiak Island.
Having fulfilled the instructions given to him, carried out some hydrographic work off the coast of Russian America and accepted the furs of the Russian-American Company, Lisyansky on August 15, 1805 left Novo-Arkhangelsk, also for Macau, as had been previously agreed with Kruzenshtern. From Russian America, he took with him three Creole boys (Russian father, Aleut mother) so that they received a special education in Russia, and then returned to Russian America.
On October 3, on the way to Canton, in the northern subtropical part of the Pacific Ocean, many birds were seen. Assuming that some unknown land was nearby, they took proper precautions. However, in the evening the Neva still ran aground on a coral shoal. At dawn we saw that the Neva was near a small island. Soon it was possible to refloat, but an oncoming squall caused the Neva to hit the rocks again. The refloating and raising of the cannons, thrown with floats into the sea to lighten the ship, detained the Neva in the area until October 7. The island was named Lisyansky Island in honor of the ship’s commander, and the reef on which the Neva sat was called the Neva Reef.
On its further journey to Canton, the Neva withstood a severe typhoon, during which it received some damage. A significant amount of fur goods were soaked and then thrown overboard.
On November 16, having rounded the island of Formosa from the south, the Neva entered the South China Sea and on November 21 dropped anchor in Macau, where at that time the Nadezhda was already moored.
The sale of furs delayed the Nadezhda and Neva, and only on January 31, 1806 did both ships leave Chinese waters. Subsequently, the ships passed through the Sunda Strait and entered the Indian Ocean on February 21.
On April 3, being almost at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather with rain, the ships separated.
As Kruzenshtern writes, “on April 26th (April 14th, Art.-N. 3.) we saw two ships, one on NW, and the other on NO. We recognized the first one as “Neva”, but as “Nadezhda” sailed worse, “Neva” soon went out of sight again, and we no longer saw her until our arrival in Kronstadt.”
Krusenstern appointed the island of St. Helena as the meeting place in case of separation, where he arrived on April 21. Here Kruzenshtern learned about the breakdown in relations between Russia and France and therefore, leaving the island on April 26, in order to avoid meeting with enemy cruisers, he chose the route to the Baltic Sea not through the English Channel, but north of the British Isles. On July 18–20, Nadezhda was anchored in Helsingor and on July 21–25 in Copenhagen. On August 7, 1806, after an absence of 1108 days, Nadezhda returned to Kronstadt. During the voyage, Nadezhda spent 445 days under sail. The longest journey from St. Helena to Helsingor lasted 83 days.
"Neva" after separation from "Nadezhda" did not go to St. Helena Island, but went straight to Portsmouth, where it stayed from June 16 to July 1. Having stopped for a short time at the Downs roadstead and in Helsingor, the Neva arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, 1806, having been away for 1090 days, of which 462 days were under sail. The longest journey was from Macau to Portsmouth, it lasted 142 days. No other Russian ship has made such a long journey under sail.
The health of the crews on both ships was excellent. During the three-year voyage on the Nadezhda, only two people died: the envoy’s cook, who suffered from tuberculosis upon entering the ship, and Lieutenant Golovachev, who shot himself for an unknown reason while staying near St. Helena Island. On the Neva, one sailor fell into the sea and drowned, three people were killed during a military skirmish near Novo-Arkhangelsk, and two sailors died from accidental diseases.
The first Russian circumnavigation of the world was marked by significant geographical results. Both ships, both in a joint voyage and in a separate one, always tried to position their courses either so as to pass along still “untrodden” paths, or so as to go to the dubious islands shown on ancient maps.
There were many such islands in the Pacific Ocean at that time. They were charted by brave sailors who used poor navigational instruments and poor methods. It is not surprising, therefore, that the same island was sometimes discovered by many sailors, but was placed under different names in different places on the map. The errors in longitude were especially large, which on old ships was determined only by dead reckoning. This is how, for example, longitudes were determined during the Bering-Chirikov voyage.
The Nadezhda and Neva had sextants and chronometers. In addition, relatively shortly before their voyage, a method was developed for determining longitude on ships based on the angular distances of the Moon from the Sun (otherwise known as the “lunar distance method”). This made it much easier to determine latitudes and longitudes at sea. Both the Nadezhda and the Neva did not miss a single opportunity to determine their coordinates. Thus, during the voyage of Nadezhda in the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk, the number of points determined astronomically was more than a hundred. Frequent determinations of the geographic coordinates of points visited or seen by expedition members are a great contribution to geographical science.
Thanks to the accuracy of their dead reckoning, based on frequent and accurate determinations of latitudes and longitudes, both ships were able to determine the directions and speeds of sea currents in many areas of their voyage from the difference between the dead reckoning and observed places.
The precision of dead reckoning on the Nadezhda and Neva allowed them to “remove” many non-existent islands from the map. So, upon leaving Petropavlovsk for Canton, Kruzenshtern set up his courses with the expectation of following the paths of the English captains Clerk and Gore and inspecting the space between 33 and 37 ° N. w. along the 146° eastern meridian. Near this meridian, their maps and some others showed several dubious islands.
Lisyansky, upon leaving Kodiak for Canton, arranged his courses so as to cross the then almost unknown spaces of the Pacific Ocean and pass through the area in which the English captain Portlock noticed signs of land in 1786 and where he himself, on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to Kodiak, saw the sea otter As we have seen, Lisyansky eventually succeeded, although much further south, in discovering Lisyansky Island and the Kruzenshtern Reef.
Both ships carried out continuous and thorough meteorological and oceanological observations. On Nadezhda, in addition to the usual measurements of the temperature of the surface layer of the ocean, the Six thermometer, invented in 1782, designed to measure the highest and lowest temperatures, was first used for deep-sea research. Using this thermometer, the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean was studied in seven places. In total, deep temperatures, down to a depth of 400 m, were determined in nine places. These were the first determinations in world practice of the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean.
Particular attention was paid to observations of the state of the sea. In particular, the stripes and spots of the rough sea (suloi) created when sea currents meet were carefully described.
The glow of the sea was also noted, which at that time was not yet sufficiently explained. This phenomenon was investigated on the Nadezhda as follows: “... they took a cup, put several wooden sawdust in it, covered it with a white thin, double-folded scarf, onto which they immediately poured water drawn from the sea, and it turned out that many dots that glowed when the handkerchief was shaken; the strained water did not produce the slightest light... Doctor Langsdorff, who tested these small luminous bodies through a microscope... discovered that many... were real animals..."
It is now known that the glow is created by the smallest organisms and is divided into constant, voluntary and forced (under the influence of irritation). The latter is what we are talking about in the description of Krusenstern.
The descriptions of the nature and life of the population of the areas visited by Krusenstern and Lisyansky are very interesting. Of particular value are the descriptions of the Nukukhivs, Hawaiians, Japanese, Aleuts, American Indians and inhabitants of the northern part of Sakhalin.
Krusenstern spent only eleven days on the island of Nuku Hiva. Of course, in such a short period of time, only a cursory impression could be created about the inhabitants of this island. But, fortunately, on this island Kruzenshtern met an Englishman and a Frenchman, who lived here for several years and, by the way, were at enmity with each other. Kruzenshtern collected a lot of information from them, checking the Englishman’s stories by interviewing the Frenchman, and vice versa. In addition, the Frenchman left Nuku-Khiva on the Nadezhda and during his further voyage Kruzenshtern had the opportunity to supplement his information. All kinds of collections, sketches, maps and plans brought by both ships deserve special attention.
Kruzenshtern, during his voyage in foreign waters, described: the southern coast of the island of Nuku Hiva, the southern coast of the island of Kyushu and Van Diemen's Strait, the islands of Tsushima and Goto and a number of other islands adjacent to Japan, the northwestern coast of Honshu, the entrance to the Sangar Strait, and also the west coast of Hokkaido.
Lisyansky, while sailing in the Pacific Ocean, described Easter Island, discovered and mapped Lisyansky Island and the reefs of the Neva and Krusenstern.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were not only brave sailors and explorers, but also excellent writers who left us descriptions of their voyages.
In 1809–1812 Kruzenshtern’s work “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” in three volumes with an appendix of an album of drawings and an atlas of maps” was published.
The books of Krusenstern and Lisyansky were translated into foreign languages and for a long time served as navigational aids for ships sailing in the Pacific Ocean. Written on the model of Sarychev’s books, in content and form they, in turn, served as a model for all books written by Russian navigators of subsequent times.
It should be emphasized once again that the voyages of “Nadezhda” and “Neva” pursued purely practical goals - scientific observations were made only along the way. Nevertheless, the observations of Krusenstern and Lisyansky would have been a credit to many purely scientific expeditions.
It is necessary to say a few words about some problems that, unfortunately, partly overshadow, from a purely maritime point of view, the brilliant first voyage of Russian sailors around the world.
The fact is that it was no coincidence that two ships were sent on this expedition. Just as when organizing the maritime expeditions of Bering - Chirikov and Billings - Sarychev, it was believed that ships, sailing together, could always help each other in case of need.
According to the instructions, separate sailing of the Nadezhda and Neva was allowed only during the Nadezhda’s visit to Japan. This was justified by the fact that Japan, according to the previous agreement, allowed only one Russian ship to enter Japan. What actually happened?
During a storm off Cape Horn, the Nadezhda and Neva separated. Kruzenshtern did not go to the prearranged meeting place in case of separation - Easter Island, but went straight to the second agreed meeting place - the Marquesas Islands, where the ships met and went on together to the Hawaiian Islands. The ships departed from the Hawaiian Islands again separately, performing various tasks. The ships met again only in Macau, from where they sailed together to the Indian Ocean. Not far from Africa, the ships again lost sight of each other during a storm. In such a case, the meeting place was set at St. Helena Island, where “Nadezhda” went. Lisyansky, carried away by the record for the duration of sailing, went straight to England. Kruzenshtern was wrong in not going to Easter Island, as was stipulated. Lisyansky was also wrong in not going to St. Helena Island. References to separations due to storms are not very convincing. Storms and fogs off the coast of Antarctica are no less frequent and strong than in the Indian Ocean, and yet the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, as we will see later, were never separated while rounding Antarctica.
This text is an introductory fragment.A TRIP AROUND THE WORLD IN 1803, 1804, 1805 AND 1806 ON THE SHIPS “NADEZHDA” AND “NEVA” Pre-Notice I. Both in the trip itself and in the tables attached to it, the Gregorian reckoning of time is adopted, for the reason that the calculation of all sightings were made according to
M. P. LAZAREV’S CIRCUMSTANCE ON THE SUVOROV SHIP
Chapter Five The Last Voyage Around the World Enter into a share with Goldney, who contributed about 4 thousand pounds. Art. into the new enterprise, there were many willing people from the most famous families of Bristol. Among them were merchants, lawyers, and the alderman of Bristol himself, Batchelor. I contributed my share and
6. Golovnin’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Kamchatka” (1817–1819) In 1816, it was decided to send a military ship to the Far East with the following tasks: 1) deliver various materials and supplies to the ports of Petropavlovsk and Okhotsk, 2) survey the state of affairs of the Russian- American company
11. M. Lazarev’s circumnavigation of the world on the frigate “Cruiser” (1822–1825) and the voyage of Andrei Lazarev on the sloop “Ladoga” to Russian America (1822–1823) 36-gun frigate “Cruiser” under the command of captain 2nd rank Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev and the 20-gun sloop "Ladoga", which
13. Kotzebue’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Enterprise” (1823–1826) The sloop “Enterprise”, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue, was entrusted with the delivery of cargo to Kamchatka and cruising to protect Russian settlements in the Aleutian Islands. At the same time he
14. Wrangel’s circumnavigation of the world on the transport “Meek” (1825–1827) The military transport “Meek” (90 feet long) specially built for the upcoming voyage under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already completed a circumnavigation of the world
15. Stanyukovich’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Moller” (1826–1829) Following the example of previous circumnavigations, in 1826 it was decided to send two warships from Kronstadt to protect the fisheries in Russian America and to deliver goods to the port of Petropavlovsk. But
16. Litke’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Senyavin” (1826–1829) The commander of the sloop “Senyavin”, which went on a joint circumnavigation with the sloop “Moller”, captain-lieutenant Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the “Kamchatka” in 1817–1819 years. Then
17. Hagemeister’s circumnavigation of the world on the transport “Meek” (1828–1830) The military transport “Krotky”, which returned from a circumnavigation of the world in 1827, was again sent in 1828 with cargo for Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. Its commander was appointed captain-lieutenant
19. Shants’ circumnavigation of the world on the transport “America” (1834–1836) The military transport “America”, which returned from a circumnavigation around the world in 1833 and was somewhat redesigned, on August 5, 1834, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Ivanovich Shants, again left Kronstadt with loads
20. Juncker's circumnavigation of the world on the transport "Abo" (1840–1842) The military transport "Abo" (128 feet long, with a displacement of 800 tons), under the command of Lieutenant Commander Andrei Logginovich Juncker, left Kronstadt on September 5, 1840. Going to Copenhagen, Helsingor, Portsmouth, the island
2. Krusenstern's voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" in the Sea of Okhotsk (1805) The ship of the Russian-American company - "Nadezhda" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on July 3, 1804. Reloading and replenishing supplies
3. Lisyansky’s voyage on the ship “Neva” in the waters of Russian America (1804–1805) The ship of the Russian-American company “Neva” under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, leaving together with the “Nadezhda” from Kronstadt on July 26, 1803, arrived to Pavlovskaya harbor island
Many readers of the magazine ask to talk about the origins of domestic trips around the world. This request is supplemented by other letters from our readers who would like to see an essay about the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the pages of the magazine.
Background of long-distance voyages
In the summer of 1803, two Russian ships set sail under the command of naval officers, captain-lieutenants of the fleet Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Their route was amazing; it was laid out, as they used to say at that time, “around the world.” But, talking about this voyage, one cannot help but notice that the traditions of “long-distance voyages” date back to times much older than the beginning of the 19th century.
In December 1723, Admiral Daniel Wilster's wagons arrived in Rogwerik, which lay not far from Revel. Here the admiral was met by members of the expedition. In a bay covered with thin ice, there were two ships. Peter's secret decree was read in the cabin of flag captain Danila Myasnoy. Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Koshelev, the “Russian under the Swede” adviser to the expedition, was also present. “You will go from St. Petersburg to Rogverik,” the decree said, “and there board the frigate “Amsterdam Galley” and take the other “Dekrondelivde” with you, and with God’s help, embark on a voyage to the East Indies, namely to Bengal." They were to be the first to cross the “line” (equator). Alas, the plan to “do business” with the “great mogul” failed.
The ships set out on December 21, but due to a leak that formed during the storm, they returned to Revel. And in February of the following year, Peter I canceled the voyage until “another favorable time.”
Peter also had a dream to send ships to the West Indies. That is why he decided to establish trade relations with the mistress of the “Gishpan lands” in America. In 1725 and 1726, the first trade voyages took place to Cadiz, a Spanish port near Gibraltar. The ships prepared for the voyage “to Bengal”, to which the Devonshire was added, also came in handy. A detachment of three ships with goods in May 1725 was led by Ivan Rodionovich Koshelev. After returning home, the former adviser was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, “before he was the first in Spain with Russian ships.” This was the beginning of the tradition of ocean voyages of Russian ships.
But when did the idea of circumnavigating the world arise in Russian minds?
250 years ago, a well-thought-out plan for a trip around the world was first drawn up: the minutes of the Senate meeting of September 12, 1732 are known. Senators puzzled over how to send the Bering expedition to the East, by sea or by land. “For the council, members were called to the Senate of the Admiralty Collegium, who presented that it was possible to send ships to Kamchatka from St. Petersburg...” The authors of the project are Admiral N. F. Golovin, President of the Admiralty Collegiums and Admiral T. P. Sanders. Golovin himself wanted to lead the voyage. He considered such a voyage the best school, because “... on one such journey those officers and sailors can learn more than ten years at the local sea.” But the senators preferred the dry route and did not listen to the advice of eminent admirals. Why is unknown. Apparently there were good reasons. They doomed Vitus Bering to incredible hardships with transporting thousands of pounds of equipment to Okhotsk, where the construction of ships was planned. That is why the epic of the Second Kamchatka lasted for a good ten years. But it could have been different...
And yet, let us remember, this was the first project of a trip around the world.
In the chronicles of long voyages, the year 1763 stands out for two remarkable events. The first took place in St. Petersburg. Mikhailo Lomonosov proposed to the government a project for an Arctic expedition from Novaya Zemlya to the Bering Strait through the North Pole. The following year, three ships under the command of Captain 1st Rank Vasily Chichagov made the first attempt to penetrate the polar basin north of Spitsbergen. The transpolar transition failed. The meeting between Chichagov and the leader of the Aleutian expedition, Krenitsyn, scheduled in the Bering Strait did not take place. After the departure of both expeditions, it was planned to send two ships around the world from Kronstadt with a call at Kamchatka. But preparations for the approach were delayed, and the Russian-Turkish war that began soon forced the departure to sea to be canceled altogether.
Also in 1763, in London, Ambassador A.R. Vorontsov received consent from the board of the East India Company to send two Russian officers on the ship Spike. So in April 1763, midshipman N. Poluboyarinov and non-commissioned lieutenant T. Kozlyaninov went to Brazil. They were destined to become the first Russians to cross the equator. Midshipman Nikifor Poluboyarinov kept a journal, which conveyed to posterity the impressions of this year and a half voyage to the shores of Brazil and India...
The Russians' long voyage from Kamchatka around Asia and Africa took place in 1771-1773. Colonel of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Confederation Moritz Beniovsky, exiled to Bolsheretsk for speaking out against the authorities, rebelled. Together with his exiled accomplices, he captured a small ship, the galliot “St. Peter”, who stood for the winter at the mouth of the river. About 90 Russians, among whom, in addition to the exiles, were free industrialists and several women, went into the unknown - some voluntarily, some under threat of reprisals, and some simply out of ignorance. The ship of fugitives was led by sailors Maxim Churin and Dmitry Bocharov.
In the Portuguese colony of Macau, Beniovsky sold a Russian ship and chartered two French ones. In July 1772, the fugitives arrived at a French port in southern Brittany. From here
16 people who wished to return to Russia set off on foot 600 miles to Paris. In the capital, permission was obtained through the ambassador and famous writer Fonvizin. Among the returning sailors was a navigator's student, the commander of the Okhotsk ship "St. Ekaterina" Dmitry Bocharov. Later, in 1788, he will become famous in a remarkable voyage to the shores of Alaska on the galiot “Three Saints”, carried out on the instructions of “Columbus of Russia” Shelikhov together with Gerasim Izmailov. No less interesting is the fact that women participated in this voyage. One of them, Lyubov Savvishna Ryumina, is probably the first Russian woman to visit the southern hemisphere of the Earth. By the way, the adventures of the fugitives were most reliably told by the husband of the brave traveler in “Notes of the Clerk Ryumin...”, published half a century later.
The next attempt to go “near the light” was the closest to being realized. But this was again prevented by the war. And it was like that. In 1786, the personal secretary of Catherine II, P. P. Soimonov, submitted to the Commerce Collegium a “Note on trade and animal trades on the Eastern Ocean.” It expressed concerns about the fate of Russian possessions in America and proposed measures to protect them. Only armed ships could contain the expansion of the British. The idea was not new either to the maritime or trade departments and their leaders. By decree of the Empress dated December 22, 1786, the Admiralty was ordered to “immediately send two ships from the Baltic Sea, armed following the example used by the English Captain Cook and other navigators for similar discoveries...”. The 29-year-old experienced sailor Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky was appointed to lead the expedition. The ships most capable of discoveries were hastily prepared: “Kholmogor”, “Solovki”, “Falcon”, “Turukhtan”. The expedition route was laid out “meeting the sun”: from the Baltic Sea to the southern tip of Africa, then to the shores of New Holland (Australia) and to Russian lands in the Old and New Worlds. At the Olonets plant they even cast cast iron coats of arms and medals for installation on the newly discovered lands, but the war with Turkey began again. A decree followed: “...due to the present circumstances, we order that the expedition be cancelled.” Then Mulovsky’s squadron was scheduled to be sent on a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea to fight the Turkish fleet, but... war broke out with Sweden. Having suddenly attacked Russian positions and ships, the Swedish king Gustav III intended to return all pre-Petrine possessions, destroy St. Petersburg and put his autograph on the recently opened monument to Peter I. So in the summer of 1788, Mulovsky was appointed commander of the Mstislav. The 17-year-old midshipman Ivan Kruzenshtern, released early (due to the war), arrived on the same ship. When the 36-gun Mstislav forced the surrender of the 74-gun Sophia-Magdalena, Mulovsky instructed the young officer to take the flags of the ship and the Swedish admiral Lilienfield. Mulovsky’s dreams of an ocean voyage sank into Krusenstern’s heart. After the death of Mulovsky in battle on July 15, 1789, a series of failures ends and the story of the first Russian journey “around the whole world” begins.
Three years in three oceans
The project for the first round-the-world flight was signed by Kruzenshtern on January 1, 1802. The conditions for the implementation of the project were favorable. Naval Minister Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov (by the way, included by the Decembrists in the future “revolutionary government”) and Minister of Commerce Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (founder of the famous Rumyantsev Museum, whose book collections served as the basis for the creation of the State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin) supported the project and highly appreciated the progressive initiative of the 32-year-old lieutenant commander. On August 7, 1802, Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the expedition.
It is known that most of the funds for equipping the expedition were allocated by the board of the Russian-American Company. The haste in preparations and the generosity of the company were the reason that the ships decided not to build, but to purchase abroad. For this purpose, Krusenstern sent Lieutenant-Commander Lisyansky to England. For 17 thousand pounds sterling, two rather old, but with a strong hull, two three-masted sloops “Leander” and “Thames” were purchased, which received new names “Nadezhda” and “Neva”.
The peculiarity of the campaign was that the ships carried naval flags and at the same time performed the functions of merchant ships. A diplomatic mission headed by one of the directors of the company, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, was heading to Japan on Nadezhda...
The historical day came on August 7, 1803. Pushed by a light tailwind, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left the Great Kronstadt Roadstead. After visiting Copenhagen and the English port of Falmouth and surviving the first severe storm, the ships made their last “European” stop in Tenerife in the Canary Islands.
On November 26, 1803, the Nadezhda and Neva guns saluted the Russian flag for the first time in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. A holiday was held on the ships, which became traditional. The role of the “sea lord” Neptune was played by the sailor Pavel Kurganov, who “welcomed the Russians on their first arrival in the southern Neptunian regions with sufficient decency.” After stopping in Brazil and replacing part of the rigging, the ships rounded Cape Horn on March 3, 1804 and began sailing in the Pacific Ocean. After a separate voyage, the ships met near the Marquesas Islands. In an order for sailors, Kruzenshtern wrote: “I am sure that we will leave the shore of this quiet people, without leaving behind a bad name.” A humane attitude towards the “wild” - the tradition laid down by our sailors was strictly observed by all subsequent Russian expeditions...
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky have already done a lot for science: for the first time, hydrological observations were carried out, as well as magnetic and meteorological ones. In the area of Cape Horn, the current speed was measured. During the Neva's stay near Easter Island, Lisyansky clarified the coordinates of the island and drew up a map. A collection of weapons and household items was collected in the Marquesas Islands. In early June 1804, the sailors reached the Hawaiian Islands. Here the ships separated for almost a year and a half. The meeting was scheduled for November 1805 near the Chinese port of Canton.
On the way to Petropavlovsk, Nadezhda, according to instructions, passed the ocean area southeast of Japan and dispelled the myth about the supposedly existing lands here. From Kamchatka, Krusenstern sailed a ship to Japan to deliver envoy Rezanov there. A severe typhoon caught sailors off the eastern coast of Japan. “You must have the gift of a poet in order to vividly describe his fury,” Kruzenshtern wrote in his diary and lovingly noted the courage and fearlessness of the sailors. The Nadezhda stayed in the Japanese port of Nagasaki for more than six months, until mid-April 1805. Rezanov's mission was not accepted by the authorities, who adhered to an archaic law that had been in force since 1638 and prohibited foreigners from visiting the country “while the sun shines on the world.” On the contrary, ordinary Japanese on the day of departure of the Nadezhda, showing sympathy for the Russians, saw off the ship in hundreds of boats.
Returning to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took the ship on courses completely unknown to Europeans, along the western shores of the Land of the Rising Sun. For the first time, a scientific description of the island of Tsushima and the strait separating it from Japan was made. Now this part of the Korea Strait is called the Krusenstern Passage. Next, the navigators made an inventory of the southern part of Sakhalin. Crossing the ridge of the Kuril Islands through the strait now named after Krusenstern, the Nadezhda almost died on the rocks. We entered Avachinskaya Bay at the beginning of June, when floating ice was visible everywhere and the solid banks were white.
Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov left the ship in Petropavlovsk. On one of the company's ships he went to Russian America. We must pay tribute to this active man, who has done a lot for the development of fisheries in the waters of Russian possessions. Rezanov was also involved in choosing the location for the southernmost Russian settlement in America, Fort Ross. The story of Rezanov’s engagement to the daughter of the Spanish governor Jose Arguello Conchita is also romantic. At the beginning of 1807, he went to Russia to seek permission to marry a Catholic. But in March 1807, Nikolai Petrovich suddenly died in Krasnoyarsk on his way to St. Petersburg. He was 43 years old. A year later, his betrothed in the New World received news of the death of the groom and, fulfilling her vow of fidelity, went to a monastery.
Kruzenshtern again devoted the time remaining before the meeting with the Neva to surveying Sakhalin. It just so happened that Sakhalin, discovered back in the 17th century, was considered an island and no one seemed to doubt it. But the French navigator La Perouse, exploring the Tatar Strait from the south on an expedition of 1785-1788, mistakenly considered Sakhalin to be a peninsula. Later the mistake was repeated by the Englishman Broughton. Kruzenshtern decided to penetrate the strait from the north. But, having sent Lieutenant Fyodor Romberg on the boat, Kruzenshtern gave the order to the boat to return to the ship ahead of time with a cannon signal. Of course, fearing for the fate of the sailors in unknown places, the head of the expedition hurried. Romberg simply did not have time to go far enough south to discover the strait. The decreasing depths seemed to confirm the conclusions of previous expeditions. This delayed the opening of the mouth of the Amur and the restoration of the truth for some time... Having completed over one and a half thousand miles of route survey with many astronomical definitions, “Nadezhda” dropped anchor in Petropavlovsk. From here the ship, after loading furs for sale, headed to the meeting place with the Neva.
The voyage of the Neva was no less complex and interesting. The silhouette of the Nadezhda disappeared over the horizon, and the crew of the Neva continued to explore the nature of the Hawaiian Islands. Everywhere, local residents warmly welcomed the kind and attentive envoys of the northern country. The sailors visited the village of Tavaroa. Nothing reminded us of the tragedy 25 years ago when Captain Cook was killed here. The hospitality of the islanders and their constant help made it possible to replenish the ethnographic collections with samples of local utensils and clothing...
After 23 days, Lisyansky led the ship to the village of Pavlovsky on Kodiak Island. The Russian residents of Alaska solemnly welcomed the first ship that had made such a difficult and long journey. In August, the sailors of the Neva, at the request of the main ruler of the Russian-American Company, Baranov, participated in the liberation of the inhabitants of Fort Arkhangelskoye on the island of Sitkha, captured by the Tlingits, who were led by American sailors.
For more than a year, the Neva was off the coast of Alaska. Lisyansky, together with navigator Danila Kalinin and co-navigator Fedul Maltsev, compiled maps of numerous islands and made astronomical and meteorological observations. In addition, Lisyansky, studying the languages of local residents, compiled a “Concise Dictionary of the Languages of the Northwestern Part of America with Russian Translation.” In September 1805, having loaded furs from Russian fisheries, the ship headed for the shores of southern China. On the way, the Neva ran into a sandbank near an island hitherto unknown to seafarers. In stormy conditions, the sailors selflessly fought to save the ship and won. On October 17, a group of sailors spent the entire day on the shore. In the very middle of the island, the discoverers placed a pole, and under it they buried a bottle with a letter that contained all the information about the discovery. At the insistence of the team, this piece of land was named after Lisyansky. “This island, other than obvious and inevitable death, promises nothing to the enterprising traveler,” wrote the commander of the Neva.
The passage from Alaska to the port of Macau took three months. Severe storms, fogs and treacherous shoals required caution. On December 4, 1805, the sailors of the Neva happily looked at the familiar silhouette of the Nadezhda, which congratulated them with flag signals on their safe return.
Krusenstern and Lisyansky
Having sold furs in Canton and taken on a cargo of Chinese goods, the ships weighed anchor. Through the South China Sea and the Sunda Strait, travelers entered the Indian Ocean. On April 15, 1806, they crossed the meridian of the Russian capital and thus completed their circumambulation of the globe.
Here we must remember that the round-the-world route for Krusenstern personally closed in Macau in November 1805, and for Lisyansky on the meridian of Ceylon a little later. (Both commanders, while sailing abroad on English ships, visited the West Indies, the USA, India, China and other countries in the period 1793–1799.)
However, the concept of traveling around the world has changed over time. Until recently, circumnavigating the world meant completing the circle of the route. But in connection with the development of the polar regions, traveling around the world according to such criteria has lost its original meaning. Now a more strict formulation is in use: the traveler must not only close the circle of the route, but also pass near antipodal points lying at opposite ends of the earth's diameter.
At the Cape of Good Hope, in thick fog, the ships parted. Now, until the return to Kronstadt, the ships sailed separately. When Kruzenshtern arrived on the island of St. Helena, he learned about the war between Russia and France and, fearing a meeting with enemy ships, proceeded to his homeland around the British Isles, calling at Copenhagen. Three years and twelve days later August 19, 1806 “Nadezhda” arrived in Kronstadt, where the “Neva” had been waiting for her for two weeks.
After leaving the flagship in the fog, Lisyansky, having carefully checked the supplies of water and food, decided on a non-stop journey to England. He was confident that “... the brave enterprise will bring us great honor; for not a single navigator like us has ever ventured on such a long journey without stopping somewhere to rest.” The Neva traveled from Canton to Portsmouth in 140 days, covering 13,923 miles. The Portsmouth public enthusiastically greeted Lisyansky's crew and, in his person, the first Russian circumnavigators.
The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky was recognized as a geographical and scientific feat. A medal was struck in his honor with the inscription: “For traveling around the world 18031806.” The results of the expedition were summarized in extensive geographical works by Krusenstern and Lisyansky, as well as natural scientists G. I. Langsdorf, I. K. Horner, V. G. Tilesius and other participants.
The first voyage of the Russians went beyond the scope of a “long-distance voyage.” It brought glory to the Russian fleet.
The personalities of the ship commanders deserve special attention. There is no doubt that they were progressive people for their time, ardent patriots who tirelessly cared for the fate of the “servants”-sailors, thanks to whose courage and hard work the voyage was extremely successful. The relationship between Krusenstern and Lisyansky, friendly and trusting, contributed decisively to the success of the business. The popularizer of Russian navigation, a prominent scientist Vasily Mikhailovich Pasetsky, cites in a biographical sketch about Kruzenshtern a letter from his friend Lisyansky during the preparation of the expedition. “After lunch, Nikolai Semenovich (Admiral Mordvinov) asked if I knew you, to which I told him that you are a good friend. He was happy about this, spoke about the merits of your pamphlet (that’s what Kruzenshtern’s project was called for his free-thinking! V.G.), praised your knowledge and information, and then ended by saying that he would consider it a blessing to know you. For my part, in front of the whole meeting, I did not hesitate to say that I envy your talents and intelligence.”
However, in the literature about the first voyages, at one time the role of Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky was unfairly belittled. Analyzing the “Log of the ship “Neva””, researchers at the Naval Academy made interesting conclusions. It was found that out of 1095 days of historical voyage, only 375 days the ships sailed together, the remaining 720 Neva sailed alone. The distance traveled by Lisyansky’s ship is also impressive: 45,083 miles, of which 25,801 miles were independently. This analysis was published in 1949 in the Proceedings of the Naval Academy. Of course, the voyages of “Nadezhda” and “Neva” are, in essence, two voyages around the world, and Yu. F. Lisyansky is equally involved in the great feat in the field of Russian maritime glory, as is I. F. Kruzenshtern.
In their finest hour they were equal...
Vasily Galenko, long-distance navigator
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation
Purpose of the expedition
Route and map of the round-the-world expedition of Krusenstern and Lisyansky Make the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian fleet. Deliver and pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct trade in furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land route. Conduct various geographical observations and scientific research along the expedition route.
Expedition composition
The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. under the leadership of , who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Purchased in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but it endured all the difficulties of sailing around the world. The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Purchased there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807. The total number of the ship's crew was 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.
Emperor Alexander I personally inspected both sloops and allowed the military flags of the Russian Empire to be raised on them. The emperor accepted the maintenance of one of the ships at his own expense, and the costs of operating the other were covered by the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev.
Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Kruzenshtern’s condition
Results of the expedition
And in July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale. The research conducted by Krusenstern and Lisyansky had no analogues.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
But the further fate of the sailing ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” was not very successful. All that is known about the Neva is that the ship visited Australia in 1807. “Nadezhda” perished in 1808 off the coast of Denmark. A Russian training sailing ship, the frigate Nadezhda, is named after the sloop Nadezhda. And the legendary bark “Kruzenshtern” bears her name, truly a great captain.
Film about the first Russian trip around the world
Film "Neva" and "Nadezhda". The first Russian voyage around the world." Channel "Russia"
Filming took place in places associated with the expedition. These are 16 geographical points - from Alaska to Cape Horn. The viewer will have a clear opportunity to appreciate the scale of the accomplishment of Russian sailors. Filming also took place on the sailing ship Kruzenshtern. Instruments, household items, maritime traditions - everyone will be able to imagine themselves in the role of a participant in the hike, to feel the hardships that befell them.
For the first time, engravings made by members of the expedition and brought to life using computer graphics will be shown. Some scenes were filmed in specially built pavilions and stylized as a movie from the early 20th century. For the first time, the diaries of the participants in the voyage will also be heard: they are read in the film by peers of the heroes - famous actors.
The travel narrative is not limited to the historical film genre. The description of the voyage is interspersed with a story about the present day of the most important stopping points of the expedition.
Science and Life No. 5 for 1940
On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, on which Russian sailors were to travel around the world. The head of the expedition was Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. “Neva” was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had previously taken part in long voyages. Krusenstern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French War, and was in America, India, and China.
Captain Lisyansky (1773-1837), after graduating from the Naval Corps, sailed in the Baltic Sea, took part in the war with the Swedes in 1793-1800) and served as a volunteer in the English navy. In 1803-1806. with the rank of lieutenant-commander, commanding the ship Neva*, he circumnavigated the world with Kruaenstern and founded the New Arkhangelsk port in Alaska. Translated John Clark’s “Movement of the Fleet*” into Russian (1803) and compiled “Description of a Voyage Around the World” (1812), translated by him into English.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Krusenstern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was aimed at promoting the expansion of trade relations between Russians and China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.
During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, vast regions in North America, called Russian America, were visited and annexed to Russia.
Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur riches of these places penetrated to St. Petersburg. However, communication with “Russian America” at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, heading to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for summer, across the Bering Sea to America. The delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing was especially expensive. It was necessary to remove the long ones into pieces and ate delivery to the place to fasten them again; They did the same with prices for anchors and sails.
In 1799, the companies united to create a large fishery under the supervision of trusted clerks who lived permanently in the fishing business. The so-called Russian-American Company arose. However, the profits from the sale of furs largely went to cover travel costs.
Kruzenshtern's project was this. so that instead of a difficult and long journey by land, establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point of sale for furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were very expensive. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.
After reading Kruzenshtern’s project, Paul I muttered: “What nonsense!” - and this was enough for the bold initiative to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Kruzenshtern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself owned shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel project was approved.
Preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since in Russia there were no ships suitable for long-distance voyages; the ships were purchased in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would provide a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyantsev to participate in the expedition.
The expedition was relatively well equipped with precision instruments for conducting various observations, and had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other aids necessary for long voyages.
Krusenstern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he vigorously protested, and a Russian crew was recruited.
Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly anti-scorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England,
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time the Russians knew almost completely: Japan traded only with Holland; all ports remained closed to other countries. In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take home several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and lived in it for quite a long time.
After much preparation, the ships set out to sea.
Sailing to Cape Horn
The first stop was in Copenhagen. At the Copenhagen Observatory, instruments were checked and supplies were also inspected.
Having departed from the coast of Denmark, the ships headed for the English port of Folmouth. While staying in England, the expedition acquired additional astronomical instruments.
From England, ships headed south along the eastern shore of the Atlantic Ocean. On October 20, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” arrived at the roadstead of the small Spanish city of Santa Cruz, located on the island of Tenerife.
The expedition stocked up on food, fresh water, and wine. The sailors, walking around the city, saw the poverty of the population and witnessed the tyranny of the Inquisition. In his notes, Kruzenshtern noted:
“It is terrible for a free-thinking person to live in a world where the evil of the Inquisition and the unlimited autocracy of the governor act in full force, spreading the life and death of every citizen.”
After leaving Tenerife, the expedition headed to the shores of South America. During the voyage, scientists studied the temperature of different layers of water. An interesting phenomenon was noticed, the so-called “sea glow”.
A member of the expedition, naturalist Tilesius, found that the light was provided by the smallest organisms, which were found in large numbers in the water. The carefully strained water stopped glowing.
On November 23, 1803, the ships crossed the equator, and on December 21, they entered the Portuguese possessions, which at that time included Brazil, and dropped anchor off Catherine Island. The mast needed to be repaired. The stop made it possible to carry out astronomical observations at the observatory installed on the shore - Kruzenshtern notes large
natural resources of the region, in particular tree species. It contains up to 80 samples of valuable wood species that could be traded.
Off the coast of Brazil, observations were made of the ebb and flow of tides, the direction of sea currents, and water temperatures at various depths.
The voyage from Catherine Island to Cape Horn lasted 4 weeks. The expedition saw many whales.
To the shores of Kamchatka and Japan
Near Cape Horn, the ships were forced to separate due to stormy weather. The meeting place was set at Easter Island or Nukagiwa Island.
Having safely rounded Cape Horn, Krusenstern headed for the island of Nukagiwa and anchored in the port of Anna Maria. The sailors met two Europeans on the island - an Englishman and a Frenchman, who lived with the islanders for several years. The islanders brought coconuts, breadfruit and bananas in exchange for old metal hoops. Russian sailors visited the island. Kruzenshtern gives a description of the appearance of the islanders, their tattoos, jewelry, homes, and dwells on the characteristics of life and social relations.
"Neva" arrived to Nukagiwa Island late, as Lisyansky was looking for "Nadezhda" near Easter Island. Lisyansky also reports a number of interesting information about the population of the Easter fort, the clothes of the inhabitants, their dwellings, and gives a description of the remarkable monuments erected on the shore, which Laperue mentioned in his notes.
After sailing from the shores of Nukagiwa, the expedition headed to the Hawaiian Islands. There Kruzenshtern intended to stock up on food, especially fresh meat, which the sailors had not had for a long time. However, what Kruzenshtern offered the islanders in exchange did not satisfy them, since the ships that moored the Hawaiian Islands often brought European goods here
The Hawaiian Islands were the point of the journey where the ships had to separate. From here, the Nadezhda's path went to Kamchatka and then to Japan, and the Neva was supposed to follow to the northwestern shores of America. The meeting took place in China, in the small Portuguese port of Macau, where the purchased furs were to be sold. The ships parted.
On July 14, 1804, “Nadezhda” entered Avacha Bay and dropped anchor near the city of Petropavlovsk. The goods brought for Kamchatka were unloaded in Petropavlovsk. They also repaired the ship's salvages, which had become very worn out during the long journey. In Kamchatka, the main food of the expedition was fresh fish, which, however, they could not stock up on for further voyages due to the high cost and lack of the required amount of salt.
On August 30, “Nadezhda” left Petropavlovsk and headed for Japan. Almost a month passed at sea. On September 28, the sailors saw the shore of the island of Kiu-Siu (Kyu-Syu). Heading towards the port of Nagasaki. Kruzenshtern explored the Japanese shores, which have many bays and islands. He was able to establish that on the nautical maps of that time, in a number of cases, the coasts of Japan were marked incorrectly.
Having dropped anchor in Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern notified the local governor of the arrival of the Russian ambassador. However, the sailors did not receive permission to go ashore. The issue of receiving the ambassador had to be decided by the emperor himself, who lived in Ieddo, so he had to wait. Only 1.5 months later, the governor set aside a certain place on the shore, surrounded by a fence, where sailors could walk. Even later, after repeated appeals from Krusenstern, the governor set aside a house on the shore for the ambassador.
Weeks passed. Only on March 30, a representative of the emperor arrived in Nagasaki, who was tasked with negotiating with the ambassador. At the second meeting, the commissioner reported that the Japanese emperor had refused to sign a trade agreement with Russia and that Russian ships were not allowed to enter Japanese ports. The Japanese, brought to their homeland, finally had the opportunity to leave Nadezhda.
Back to Petropavlovsk
Having spent more than six months in Japan, but almost never leaving the ship, Kruzenshtern still managed to collect some information about the population of this country, almost unknown to Europeans at that time.
From Japan, Nadezhda headed back to Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern decided to return by a different route - along the western coast of Japan, which was almost unexplored by Europeans at that time. "Nadezhda" sailed along the shores of the island of Nipon (Hopsu). explored the Sangar Strait, passed the western shores of the island of Ieeso (Hokkaido). Reaching the northern tip
Yeeeso. Krusenstern saw the Ainu, who also lived in the southern part of Sakhalin. In his notes, he gives a description of the physical appearance of the Ainu, their clothing, homes, and activities.
Following on. Krusenstern carefully explored the shores of Sakhalin. However, he was prevented from continuing his journey to the northern tip of Sakhalin by an accumulation of ice. Kruzenshtern decided to go to Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the ambassador and the naturalist Langsdorf disembarked from the Nadezhda, and after some time Kruzenshtern sent them to continue exploring the shores of Sakhalin. Having reached the northern tip of the island, Nadezhda went around Sakhalin and went along its western coast. In view of the fact that the departure date for China was approaching. Kruzenshtern decided to return to Petropavlovsk in order to better prepare for this second part of the voyage.
From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern sent to St. Petersburg the maps and drawings compiled during the trip so that they would not be lost in the event of an accident that could happen during the return voyage. During his stay in Kamchatka, Krusenstern compiled a description of this country, complementing the works of Krasheninnikov and Staller.
The shores of Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern writes casually, are covered with scattered stinking fish, over which hungry dogs squabble over the rotting remains, which is an extremely disgusting sight. Upon reaching the shore, you will look in vain for constructed roads or even for any convenient path leading to the city, about which not a single well-built house can be seen... Near it there is not a single green good plain, not a single garden, not a single decent vegetable gardens that would show traces of cultivation. We only saw 10 cows grazing between the houses.”
This was Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky back then. Kruzenshtern points out that the supply of bread and salt almost did not provide for the population. Kruzenshtern left the salt and cereals received as a gift in Japan for the population of Kamchatka.
The population of Kamchatka also suffered from scurvy. There was almost no medical care, and there was not enough medicine. Describing the plight of the residents of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern pointed out the need to improve supplies and the possibility of developing agriculture there. He especially noted the extremely difficult situation of the native population - the Kamchadals, who were robbed and drunk with vodka by Russian fur buyers.
Sailing to China
Having completed the necessary work on repairing the rigging and renewing the food supply, Kruzenshtern headed to China. The weather prevented routine surveys to locate the island. In addition, Kruzenshtern was in a hurry to arrive in China.
On a stormy night, Nadezhda passed through the strait off the island of Formosa and anchored in the port of Macau on November 20.
At a time when Kruzenshtern traveled with the ambassador to Japan and explored the shores of Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. "Neva" visited the islands of Kodiak and Sithu, where the possessions of the Russian-American Company were located. Lisyansky brought the necessary supplies there and then set sail along the coast of the northwestern part of America.
Lisyansky recorded a large amount of information about the Indians and collected a whole collection of their household items. “Neva” sang off the coast of America for almost a year and a half. Lisyansky was late for the meeting date planned by Kruzenshtern, but the Neva was loaded with valuable furs that had to be transported to China.
Upon arrival in Macau, Krusenstern learned that the Neva had not yet arrived. He informed the governor about the purpose of his arrival, but before the arrival of the Neva, Nadezhda was asked to leave Macau, where military vessels were prohibited from docking. However, Kruzenshtern managed to persuade the local authorities, assuring them that the Neva would soon arrive with a valuable cargo that was of interest to Chinese trade.
The Neva arrived on December 3 with a large cargo of furs. However, it was not immediately possible to ask permission for both ships to enter the harbor near Canton, and Kruzenshtern headed there together with Lisyansky on the Neva. Only after intense efforts Kruzenshtern received this permission, promising to sell a large number of Chinese goods.
Significant difficulties were also encountered when selling furs, since the Chinese buyers did not dare to enter into trade relations with the Russians, not knowing how the Chinese government would look at it. However, Kruzenshern, through a local English trading office, managed to find a Chinese merchant who bought the imported cargo. Having shipped the furs, the Russians began loading tea and other purchased Chinese goods, but at this time their export was prohibited until permission was received from Beijing. Again, lengthy efforts were required to obtain this permission.
Homecoming.
Expedition results
Kruzenshtern's expedition made the first attempt to establish maritime trade relations with China - before that, Russian trade with China was carried out by land through Kyakhta. Kruzenshtern in his notes characterized the state of Chinese trade at that time and indicated the ways along which trade with the Russians could develop.
On February 9, 1806, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left Canton and headed back to their homeland. This path lay across the Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and further along a route well known to Europeans.
On August 19, 1806, Nadezhda approached Kronstadt. The Neva was already there, having arrived a little earlier. The journey, which lasted three years, was over.
The journey of Krusenstern and Lisyansky gave a lot of new knowledge to a number of areas of the globe. The research carried out enriched science, and valuable material was collected necessary for the development of navigation. During the voyage, astronomical and meteorological observations were systematically made, the temperature of different layers of water was determined, and depth measurements were taken. During the long stay in Nagasaki, observations were made of the ebb and flow of the tides.
The expedition carried out work to compile new maps and check old ones. Dr. Tilesius compiled a large atlas illustrating the nature and population of the countries visited.
The expedition's observations of the life of the inhabitants of the countries visited were extremely interesting.
Attached to Kruzenshtern's travel notes are Chukchi and Ainu dictionaries, given to him by Lieutenant Koshelev and Lieutenant Davydov.
The household items brought by the expedition from the Pacific Islands and North America are extremely interesting. These things were transferred to the Museum of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences. The notes of Krusenstern and Lisyansky were published.
The round-the-world voyage on the Nadezhda and Neva wrote a glorious page in the history of Russian navigation.
Science and Life No. 5 for 1940
Russian travelers. Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and this put forward new tasks for domestic geographers. IN 1803-1806 was undertaken from Kronstadt to Alaska by ship "Hope" And "Neva". It was headed by Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (1770 - 1846). He commanded the ship "Hope". By ship "Neva" was commanded by captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773 - 1837). During the expedition, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka were studied. Detailed maps of the explored places were compiled. Lisyansky, having independently traveled from the Hawaiian Islands to Alaska, collected rich material about the peoples of Oceania and North America.
Map. The first Russian round-the-world expedition
The attention of researchers around the world has long been attracted by the mysterious region around the South Pole. It was assumed that there was a vast Southern continent (names "Antarctica" was not in use then). English navigator J. Cook in the 70s of the 18th century. crossed the Antarctic Circle, encountered impassable ice and declared that sailing further south was impossible. They believed him, and for 45 years no one undertook a south polar expedition.
In 1819, Russia equipped an expedition on two sloops to the southern polar seas under the leadership of Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852). He commanded the sloop "East". Commander "Peaceful" was Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788 - 1851). Bellingshausen took part in Krusenstern's voyage. Lazarev subsequently became famous as a combat admiral, who trained a whole galaxy of Russian naval commanders (Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin).
"East" And "Peaceful" were not adapted to polar conditions and differed greatly in seaworthiness. "Peaceful" was stronger and "East"- faster. It was only thanks to the great skill of the captains that the sloops never lost each other in conditions of stormy weather and poor visibility. Several times the ships found themselves on the verge of destruction.
But still Russian expedition managed to get to the South much further than Cook. January 16, 1820 "East" And "Peaceful" almost came close to the Antarctic coast (in the area of the modern Bellingshausen ice shelf). Before them, as far as the eye could see, stretched a faintly hilly icy desert. Perhaps they guessed that this was the Southern Continent, and not solid ice. But the only way to obtain evidence was by landing on shore and traveling far into the desert. The sailors did not have this opportunity. Therefore, Bellingshausen, a very conscientious and accurate man, reported in a report that he had been seen "continent of ice". Subsequently, geographers wrote that Bellingshausen “saw the mainland, but did not recognize it as such”. And yet this date is considered the day of the discovery of Antarctica. After this, the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I were discovered. In 1821, the expedition returned to its homeland, having completed a complete voyage around the open continent.
Kostin V. "Vostok and Mirny off the coast of Antarctica", 1820
In 1811, Russian sailors led by captain Vasily Mikhailovich Golovkin (1776 - 1831) explored the Kuril Islands and were taken into Japanese captivity. Golovnin's notes about his three-year stay in Japan introduced Russian society to the life of this mysterious country. Golovnin's student Fyodor Petrovich Litke (1797 - 1882) explored the Arctic Ocean, the shores of Kamchatka, and South America. He founded the Russian Geographical Society, which played a major role in the development of geographical science.
Major geographical discoveries in the Russian Far East are associated with the name of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky (1814-1876). Rejecting the court career that was opening up to him, he achieved appointment as commander of military transport "Baikal". He is on it in 1848 - 1849. made a voyage from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to Kamchatka, and then led the Amur expedition. He discovered the mouth of the Amur, a strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, proving that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula.
Amur expedition of Nevelskoy
Expeditions of Russian travelers, in addition to purely scientific results, were of great importance in the matter of mutual knowledge of peoples. In distant countries, local residents often learned about Russia for the first time from Russian travelers. In turn, the Russian people collected information about other countries and peoples.
Russian America
Russian America . Alaska was discovered in 1741 by the expedition of V. Bering and A. Chirikov. The first Russian settlements in the Aleutian Islands and Alaska appeared in the 18th century. In 1799, Siberian merchants engaged in fishing in Alaska united into the Russian-American Company, which was assigned a monopoly right to use the natural resources of this region. The board of the company was first located in Irkutsk, and then moved to St. Petersburg. The main source of income for the company was the fur trade. For many years (until 1818), the main ruler of Russian America was A. A. Baranov, a native of the merchants of the city of Kargopol, Olonets province.
The Russian population of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands was small (in different years from 500 to 830 people). In total, about 10 thousand people lived in Russian America, mainly Aleuts, residents of the islands and coast of Alaska. They willingly became close to Russians, were baptized into the Orthodox faith, and adopted various crafts and clothing. Men wore jackets and frock coats, women wore calico dresses. The girls tied their hair with ribbons and dreamed of marrying a Russian.
The Indians who lived in the interior of Alaska were a different matter. They were hostile to the Russians, believing that it was they who brought previously unknown diseases to their country - smallpox and measles. In 1802, Indians from the Tlingit tribe ( "koloshi", as the Russians called them) attacked the Russian-Aleut settlement on the island. Sith, they burned everything and killed many of the inhabitants. Only in 1804 was the island recaptured. Baranov founded the Novo-Arkhangelsk fortress on it, which became the capital of Russian America. A church, a shipping dock, and workshops were built in Novo-Arkhangelsk. The library contains more than 1200 books.
After Baranov’s resignation, the position of chief ruler began to be occupied by naval officers with little experience in commercial matters. The fur wealth was gradually depleted. The company's financial affairs were shaken, and it began to receive government benefits. But geographical research has expanded. Especially in the deep areas, which were marked as a white spot on the maps.
The expedition of L. A. Zagoskin in 1842 - 1844 was of particular importance. Lavrenty Zagoskin, a native of Penza, was the nephew of the famous writer M. Zagoskin. He outlined his impressions of the difficult and lengthy expedition in the book “Pedestrian inventory of part of Russian possessions in America”. Zagoskin described the basins of the main rivers of Alaska (Yukon and Kuskokwim) and collected information about the climate of these areas, their natural world, and the life of the local population, with whom he managed to establish friendly relations. Written vividly and talentedly, "Pedestrian inventory" combined scientific value and artistic merit.
I. E. Veniaminov spent about a quarter of a century in Russian America. Arriving in Novo-Arkhangelsk as a young missionary, he immediately began studying the Aleut language, and later wrote a textbook on its grammar. On about. Unalaska, where he lived for a long time, through his labors and care a church was built, a school and a hospital were opened. He regularly conducted meteorological and other field observations. When Veniaminov became a monk, he was named Innocent. Soon he became the bishop of Kamchatka, Kuril and Aleut.
In the 50s of the XIX century. The Russian government began to pay special attention to the study of the Amur region and the Ussuri region. Interest in Russian America has noticeably decreased. she miraculously escaped capture by the British. In fact, the distant colony was and remained unprotected. For the state treasury, devastated as a result of the war, the considerable annual payments to the Russian-American Company became a burden. We had to make a choice between the development of the Far East (Amur and Primorye) and Russian America. The issue was discussed for a long time, and in the end an agreement was concluded with the US government on the sale of Alaska for $7.2 million. On October 6, 1867, the Russian flag was lowered in Novo-Arkhangelsk and the American flag was raised. Russia peacefully left Alaska, leaving the results of its efforts to study and develop it for future generations of its residents.
Document: From the diary of F. F. Bellingshausen
January 10 (1821). ...At noon the wind moved to the east and became fresher. Unable to go south of the solid ice we encountered, we had to continue our journey, waiting for a favorable wind. Meanwhile, sea swallows gave us reason to conclude that there was a shore in the vicinity of this place.
At 3 o'clock in the afternoon we saw a black spot. When I looked through the pipe, I knew at first glance that I could see the shore. The sun's rays, emerging from the clouds, illuminated this place, and, to everyone's delight, everyone was convinced that they could see a shore covered with snow: only screes and rocks, on which the snow could not stay, turned black.
It is impossible to express in words the joy that appeared on everyone’s faces when they exclaimed: “Beach! Shore!" This delight was not surprising after a long, uniform voyage in continuous disastrous dangers, between ice, in snow, rain, slush and fog... The shore we found gave hope that there must certainly be other shores, for the existence of only one in such a vast expanse of water It seemed impossible to us.
January 11. Since midnight, the sky was covered with thick clouds, the air was filled with darkness, and the wind was fresh. We continued to follow the same course to the north in order to turn around and lie closer to the shore. As the morning continued, after the cloudiness that hovered over the coast cleared, and when the sun's rays illuminated it, we saw a high island stretching from N0 61° to S, covered with snow. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, having approached a distance of 14 miles from the coast, we encountered solid ice, which prevented us from getting any closer; it was better to survey the coast and take something of curiosity and preservation worthy of the museum of the Admiralty Department. Having reached the ice with the sloop "Vostok", I drifted on another tack to wait for the sloop "Mirny", which was behind us. As the Mirny approached, we raised our flags: Lieutenant Lazarev congratulated me via telegraph on the acquisition of the island; On both sloops they put people on the shrouds and shouted a mutual “Hurray” three times. At this time, it was ordered to give the sailors a glass of punch. I called Lieutenant Lazarev to me, he told me that he saw all the ends of the coast clearly and clearly determined their position. The island was quite clearly visible, especially the lower parts, which are made up of steep rocky cliffs.
I named this island after the high name of the culprit behind the existence of the military fleet in Russia - the island.