Pashto (self-named پښتو, , [note 2]) is the language of the Pashtuns, one of the Eastern Iranian languages. It is the official language of Afghanistan (along with Dari) and some regions of Pakistan. Distributed throughout southern and southeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, as well as in the Pashtun diaspora. It is represented by a large number of dialects, which, according to different classifications, are combined into two, three or four groups.
About the name
In Russian, there are three main terms for this language: Pashto, Pashto and Afghani (language).
“Pashto” is currently the main name for this language in Russian-language literature. The exact origin of this form is unknown. This is probably a transliteration of an obsolete English name for the language (Pushtu, ? [source not specified 345 days].
The name "Pashto" is the self-name of this language in the southwestern dialects (Kandahar, Harnai). It comes from *Parsawā- - “Persian”. In different dialects, the self-name sounds differently, see the table in the “Dialects” section.
The speakers of this language are called Pashtuns or Afghans in Russian. The latter can also refer to all people living in Afghanistan, regardless of nationality. Self-name of Pashtuns - unit. h. pəʂˈtu: n / pəxˈtu: n, pl. h. pəʂˈta:ˌnə / pəxˈta:ˌnə; in Pakistan they are also called Pathans (pəˈʈʰɑ:n).
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Distribution of various titles in Russian-language works |
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Pashto |
Pashto |
Afghan |
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Classification
In Pashto, as well as in other East Iranian languages (Pamir), the category of gender and the difference between direct and indirect cases have been preserved. In addition to them, the vocative case is distinguished. Case relations are expressed by prepositions, which are supplemented and clarified by aftersyllables. In phonetics and vocabulary, the influence of neighboring Indian languages is noticeable.
The vocabulary consists of Pashtun proper (e.g. "ورځ" wradz "day"), Persian ("آسمان" ȃsmȃn "sky") and Indian ("کړكۍ" kəṛkəy "window", from "کهڑکی" kʰiṛki) words of origin. In the spheres of religion, science and politics, Arabic vocabulary predominates (“اجتماع” ijtimȃ “assembly, society”), borrowed, as a rule, through Persian media (as a result of which Pashto retains the Persian pronunciation of some Arabic letters - for example, “مريض” (“sick”) ") in Arabic marȋdˤ with the emphatic "dˤ", in Farsi and Pashto they pronounce "marȋz"; "اجتماع", "ijtimȃʕ(un)" ("society, assembly") in Arabic is pronounced with the guttural ""ayn", in in Pashto, “Ain” is not pronounced: “ijtimȃ”).
The native vocabulary is archaic compared to other Iranian languages, the table below illustrates these differences.
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wrist |
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dændɒn (دندان) |
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gændom (گندم) |
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besjɒr (بسيار) |
berezô, berezañt |
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speak |
aoj-, mrû-, sangh- |
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There are several options for classifying Pashto dialects. There are usually four regional standards (prestigious dialects): Peshawar (northwest), Kabul (northeast), Kandahar (southeast), Quetta (southwest).
According to historical and tribal criteria, Karlan dialects are distinguished (all “phonetic” central). According to the characteristics of consonantism, the southern (western) and northern (eastern) branches are divided: in the first ʃ~ʂ and ʒ~ʐ, and in the second x and g. According to the characteristics of vocalism, central (southern) dialects are distinguished: in them the literary vowel ɑ corresponds to the vowel ɒ~o, they, in turn, are divided into southern (with ʃ and ʒ and transitions o>e, u>i), northern (with x and g, without changes o and u) and transitional (with x and g as in the northern ones and transitions o>e, u>i as in the southern ones).
Mutual understanding between speakers of central and “external” dialects is difficult. Central dialects are spoken by up to 15% of all Pashto-speaking people. They inhabit the provinces of Paktia and Khost, the northern and eastern parts of the province of Paktika in Afghanistan, as well as several districts of the provinces of Nangrahar and Wardak. In Pakistan, speakers of southern dialects are spread over a vast area covering the entire Kurram, North Waziristan, South Waziristan, and part of Bannu district.
Most Pashto speakers speak dialects of the northern branch, although the southern dialects occupy a geographically larger area.
1. Southern branch (or Western, Southwestern, “soft” pashto)
- Kandahar Pashto (or Southern, Southwestern)
- Quetta Pashto (or Southeastern)
- Sherani
- Marwati (Bettany)
- Vanetsi language/dialect (sometimes not included)
2. Central dialects (or Southern) (or northeastern, Peshawar dialect)
Story
Pashtuns are often considered to be those Pakthas of the writings of Herodotus or the Paktha people of the Rigveda. It is still not clear how the ancient history of this people took shape, as well as the history of its language.
The oldest examples of written literature in this language are considered to be the poems of Emir Kror of the 8th century, although this statement is controversial.
In the Middle Ages, the language of the Afghan nobility was Dari, or Farsi-Kabuli, but many artistic and historical works were created among the Pashtun elite, for example, the Cadastral Book of the Sheikh of Mali of the 15th century.
From the beginning of the 18th century. all the rulers of the then Afghanistan (with the exception of Habibula Kalakani) were ethnic Pashtuns and spoke Pashto as a second language. However, Persian (Dari) was used at court, while Pashto was the language of the Pashtun tribes.
The process of popularizing Pashto began under Amanullah Khan and acquired the status of a unique state ideology. In the 1930s A movement to expand the use of Pashto in public life and government affairs intensified, which led to the creation of Kabul University in 1932 and the uprising at the Pashto Tolyna Academy in 1937. However, despite these events, the Afghan elite continued to view Dari as the language of the intelligentsia and as a “symbol of cultural education.” In 1933, Zahir Shah issued a decree on the study and use of Dari and Pashto by officials, and three years later Pashto officially received state status with full rights for use in government and education. At the same time, the ethnically Pashtun royal family and most officials continued to speak Dari. As a result of these measures, the Pashto language acquired the status of a national language, becoming a symbol of the Afghan national movement. The official status of the language was confirmed in 1964 by the country's Constitutional Assembly, and the Afghan Persian language was renamed Dari. The national anthem was also translated into Pashto.
In Pakistan, English and Urdu have official status. At the regional level, the language has status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and northern Balochistan province. In 1984, the right to use the language for teaching in primary schools was obtained. In public schools located in the Pashtun regions, Pashto is now the language of instruction in grades 1-2, and a compulsory subject up to grade 5, with Urdu remaining the main language of instruction. English speaking private schools do not teach Pashto even at the primary level. According to some researchers, the introduction of Urdu as a language of instruction was responsible for the decline of many indigenous languages of Pakistan, including Pashto.
Pashtuns on the map of the peoples of Pakistan
Writing
Probably, the written culture of the Pashtuns begins to develop from the 16th century, but the exact time of the origin of the letter remains unknown. The oldest dated document in Pashto is the book Khairul Bayyan (خیرالبیان - "The Presenting Message") by Sufi Bayazid Ansari, which is dated September 6, 1651. Documents that were previously dated before the mid-20th century are now considered later forgeries. Secular literature in Pashto was created in the early 17th century, its largest representative being Khushal Khan Khattak. It is known that Khattak's followers (independently of Bayezid Ansari) adapted the Persian alphabet to write Pashto. They are considered the founders of modern Pashto writing. Modern spelling began to be fully used somewhere in the mid-18th century. The earliest manuscript in modern orthography is a copy of Ahmad Shah Abdali's diwan found in Peshawar, dating from 1750. However, the timing and circumstances of the formation of modern spelling remain controversial.
Unlike Arabic and Persian, Pashto does not have a variety of handwritings. In print, “naskh” is most often used, and “nastaliq” (especially in Pakistan for local dialects) and its simplified varieties (“tahriri”, etc.) are most often used as a handwritten font. In Afghan schools, from grades 1 to 6, the subject of calligraphy is taught - "حسن خط" ("good handwriting" or "correctness of writing"), giving students knowledge of the basics of calligraphy according to the Naskh and Nastaliq handwritings.
The Pashtun alphabet has some letters that are not found in the Arabic and Persian alphabets. For cerebral consonants, marks were added, formed by attaching a small circle (called "panḍak", "ğaṛwanday" or "skəṇay") to the sign of a pure consonant. The letters ښ and ږ were added to represent the sounds x\ś and g\ź. In addition, letters denoting the affricates ts and dz were added (they became څ and ځ), as well as several letters based on the Arabic ي.
Linguistic characteristics
Positional and dialectal variants of sounds are highlighted in bold. Variations are possible /ʌ~ə~ʊ/, /a~ɑ:/, /o:~ɤ:~ɵ:~e:/, /ɑ:~ɒ:~ɔ:~o:/, /u:~i :/ (in the first case, the options are given from southern to northern dialects, in the rest - from external to central). The sounds /ɛ:/ and /ɔ:/ are variants of the diphthongs /ai/ and /aw/ in northeastern dialects. In unstressed syllables, the opposition of vowels of the following series is weakened: /u - o - ʊ/, /e - i - ɪ/, /a - (ə)/.
Some researchers identify individual sounds /ʊ/ and /ɪ/, others describe them as short versions of /u:/ and /i:/.
Pashto has a middle and middle rising sound (zvarakai, rounded schwa), denoted in Cyrillic transcription either as “ъ” (in most Soviet publications) or as “ə”. In many other languages (including Russian) this sound is also present, but in Pashto it has a distinctive meaning. It is also similar to the unstressed “o” in the word “fuss.” Occurs mainly in stressed syllables. In many words it alternates with a.
In addition, there are seven diphthongs: /ay/, /əy/, /ɑ:w/, /aw/, /o:y/, /ɑ:y/, /u:y/. They are not “true diphthongs”; they can be broken down into vowels and consonants /y, w/.
In words borrowed from Farsi (Dari) by persons who speak this language, the original vocalism can be preserved. In the speech of Pashtuns who do not speak Farsi, vowels are adapted according to the following scheme.
Consonants
In brackets are borrowed, dialectal and positional sounds. The sounds /q, f/ are not peculiar to Pashto; they were part of borrowings and in common speech can be replaced by /k, p/, respectively. The n sound before cerebral ones is pronounced as /ɳ/, and before back-lingual ones - as /ŋ/. Labialized /xʷ, ɣʷ, kʷ, ɡʷ/ can be rendered as combinations /xw, ɣw, kw, gw/, but in the position before /u/, where they are regularly used, labialization may not be indicated.
In northern dialects, the sound /h/ in positions at the beginning and end of a word (next to a vowel) can be dropped, and between vowels within a word it can be pronounced as /j/.
The sound /ɽ/ (depicted as ړ) is a cerebral variant of the sound [r], which is audibly perceived as slurred. Cerebral /ɳ/ can be pronounced and written as /ɳɽ/.
It is widely believed that Pashto was not originally characterized by cerebral (retroflex) sounds and those that are found today were borrowed from Indian languages. This assumption can be refuted as follows: in Urdu there are only three cerebral consonants - ڑ,ڈ,ٹ (ʈ, ɖ, ɽ), in Pashto, in addition to them, there is also an independent ڼ (ɳ, in Urdu it is positional), and in dialects often ښ and ږ (ʂ, ʐ). Additionally, Pashtun ړ (ɽ), the Urdu equivalent of ڑ, may appear at the beginning of a word (ړندون ɽandu: n "blindness"), which is not allowed in Urdu.
The most common consonant clusters are /t̪l/, /kl/, /bl/, /ɣl/, /lm/, /nm/, /lw/, /sw/, /br/, /t̪r/, /ɣr/, /pr /, /d̪r/, /wr/, /kɺ̢/, /mɺ̢/, /wɺ̢/ /xp/, /pʃ/, /pʂ/, /xr/, /zb/, /ʒb/, /d͡zm/, / md͡z/, /t͡sk/, /sk/, /sp/, /ʃp/, /ʂk/, /xk/, /ʃk/, /kʃ/, /kx/, /kʂ/, /ml/, /gm/ , /ʐm/, etc.
In words borrowed from English, the sounds /d, t/ are pronounced as cerebral and are designated ډ and ټ, respectively.
Morphology
Pashto has several classes of pronouns (personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, etc.). Most of them are declined in two cases (direct and indirect), and also differ in numbers. Some pronouns differ by gender.
The Pashto language has a complex and branched verbal system. Participles, adverbs and verbal nouns are traditionally classified under this system, modeled on Arabic grammar. The basis of the verb in Pashto is the infinitive, which always ends in ـٙل -əl, and is also a verbal noun (the same phenomenon can be seen in Farsi and Urdu) and is inflected accordingly. The conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs has some differences, but there are intransitive verbs (about 40) conjugated like transitive ones. There are also seven irregular verbs with their own special forms. Pashto has two grammatical tenses: present-future (divided into present and future) and past (divided into past simple, past (perfect) and long-past (plusquaperfect)). Verbs can also form passive voice forms. Pashto distinguishes four moods: indicative, presumptive, conditional desirable, imperative, as well as a special potential form of the verb.
Nouns and adjectives have no clear distinctions in Pashto, so they can be combined into one part of speech. The name can act as any member of the sentence. Pashto names have three cases (according to another classification - four), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and two genders (masculine and feminine). There are two classification systems for Pashtun cases: three-case (direct - indirect - vocative) and four-case (direct - indirect I - indirect II - vocative). There are a number of few exceptions to the declension rules. Some numerals are also declined according to two cases.
The relationship of words in a sentence is expressed by particles, which include conjunctions, prepositions and postpositions, etc. In this regard, Pashto differs from Farsi by the presence of postpositions (in Farsi there is only one particle, sometimes called a postposition - را ra), as well as from Urdu, in which there are no prepositions at all.
Sample text
Excerpt from Kalam Rahman Baba:
زه رحمان په خپله ګرم يم چې مين يمه
چې دا نور ټوپن مې بولي ګرم په څه
Zə Rahmɑn pə xpəla gram jam t͡ʃe majan jama
t͡ʃe d̪ɑ nor ʈopan me boli gram pə t͡sə
“I, Rahman, blame myself for being in love,
Why is the rest of the world blaming me for this?”
Proverb (matal):
اوبه په ډانګ نه بېليږي
Obə pə ḍāng na belegī
“You can’t fence off water” (what should be together for natural reasons cannot be separated).
History of studying in Russia
In Imperial Russia, the Pashto language first began to be studied in 1855, when, according to the Highest Conduct, Academician of History and Literature of Asian Peoples B.A. Dorn was allowed to teach Pashto at St. Petersburg University. Academician Dorn knew only the theoretical foundations of the Pashto language in their general understanding in relation to the system of Eastern Iranian languages, but practically did not know the Pashto language. In 1856, his lectures were attended by several students from the Faculty of Oriental Languages at St. Petersburg University. Whether teaching was carried out in subsequent years remains unknown, as does how the teaching itself was organized. In 1911, at the Tashkent officer school of oriental languages at the headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, the study of the Pashto language was organized according to a special program. The teacher of the Pashto language course was a graduate of the school, Staff Captain V.V. Losev, who studied this language during his language internship in India (1905-1906). Losev also prepared the first grammar of the Pashto language - Grammar of the Afghan language (Pashto).
Russian-Afghan phrasebook (Pashto, Pashto)
Pashto (Pashto, Afghan language) - one of the Eastern Iranian languages; Along with Dari, it is the official language of Afghanistan. It is represented by two main dialects: northern and southern.
The speakers of this language are called Pashtuns (Pashtuns) and occupy part of the territory of Afghanistan and the adjacent part of northwestern Pakistan.
About 10-20 million people speak Pashto.
| Russian-Afghan (Pashto, Pashto) phrasebook | |
| Thank you | Tashakur, shukria |
| Yes | A |
| No | on |
| South | Junub |
| north | shamal |
| East | Shark |
| West | Maghreb |
| Expensive | Geran |
| cheap | arzon |
| Fine | Kha |
| Badly | kharob |
| Allow | Ejeza |
| English | Angrezi |
| Russian | Rus' |
| Road | Sarak |
| Translation | TarjumA |
| Where are you going? | Charta zi? |
| Embassy | Sifarat |
| Journey | Safar |
| Photographer | Aks |
| Mine | Lagm |
| Directly | Mustakiman |
| Motherland | Vatan |
| Emigrant | Muhajir |
| Center | Markaz |
| Telephone | Tilifun |
| Mosque | Masjid |
| Boiled | Ishedalai |
| Bread | Nan |
| tea | tea |
| Numerals | |
| 1 | at |
| 2 | two |
| 3 | dreh |
| 4 | salor |
| 5 | pinzo |
| 6 | Spaag |
| 7 | uvo |
| 8 | atto |
| 9 | naha |
| 10 | las |
| 20 | Shel |
| 30 | dersh |
| 40 | salwecht |
| 50 | pandzos |
| 60 | Shpeta |
| 70 | auvya(ya) |
| 80 | atya |
| 90 | Navi |
| 100 | Saal (sel) |
| 200 | dvasava |
| 300 | dresava |
| Basic Phrases | |
| Hello! | Salaam Alaikum! |
| I'm a traveler. | For mosafar yam. |
| Traveling to Nuristan/Kandahar/Kabul | Zu NuristAn ta/KandahAr ta/Kabul ta zem |
| Where are you going/going? | Damn it? |
| Do you understand Pashto? | PashO poEgi? |
| Go away, let's go! (if you want to get rid of an unpleasant interlocutor without insulting him) | Zay! |
| I don't understand Pashto | PashO on PoEgam |
| Let's go/let's go! | Behind! |
| Yes (available) | piece |
| Do you have a phone/mail? | TilfUn/postakhana Sh.? |
| No (not available) | Neshta |
| Truck "ZIL-130" | shashpai |
| Road | lar |
Russian-Wakhan phrasebook
Language of the Wakhan Tajiks. Distributed in Gojal (a region in northern Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and China), the Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan. Very similar to ordinary Tajik (Tajikistan), as well as to the language of Chinese Tajiks (Tashkurgan). It has no written form.
How to pronounce |
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Hello / Goodbye |
Assalaam alaikum / Khudar hafiz |
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Thank you / Please |
Shobosh / merboni |
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yo/nays |
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How are you? (how are you?) / Everything is fine |
Chiz haveli?, Baaf atey? / Uzum baaf |
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Sorry |
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What is your name? / My name is Petya |
Ti nungi cheese? / Zhu nungi Petya |
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Where are you from? / I'm from … |
Is there a godfather here? / Uzum... |
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How old are you? / I am 20 years old |
Ti die tsumar? / Uzum (visht) tsol |
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Do you speak English)? |
Torezh (angrezi) visa? |
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I understand / I don't understand |
Mazhe malum tey / Mazhe malum nahst |
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I don't know / I'm lost |
Dishma / Maje hu fdek nost |
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Where … ? / When? |
... kumar? / Tsogdar? |
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Leave! Back off! |
Trabarech! |
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What is the price? (How much?) |
Yem chizi zumrer? |
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good, good / bad, bad |
baaf/shaak |
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tasty/beautiful |
mazadar / khushroy |
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I feel good / I'm happy |
Uzum baaf / Uzum khush |
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left/right |
chap/height |
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this that |
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here there |
nap / nap |
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you (sing.) / you (pl.) |
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man Woman |
give/kruinan |
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father mother |
taat/nun |
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husband wife |
shauhar / jamat |
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son / daughter / sister / brother |
petr / zeygyt / hai / lie |
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friend / chief, leader |
dust/arbab |
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hotel / simpler |
wanted / mehmon-khona |
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room / key / bed |
uchaak, jauy / veshik / pipr |
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market/shop/restaurant |
bozor/dukon/shapik uitekh zhai |
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I'm hungry / I'm thirsty |
Uzum mares, Uzum merz / Uzum vesk |
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food, bread (plain) |
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bread (tastier) |
kamisdun, dildungs |
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tea / I want (tea) |
choy / Uzesh (choye) zokh-tsaram |
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I like (tea) |
Uzesh (choye) khush-tsaram |
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milk / ayran, yogurt |
bursh / share |
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meat/eggs |
gosht/tukhmurgekh |
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rice / vegetables |
gerange/ghazk |
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apple / apricot |
mur/chuan |
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river/valley |
Daria / Zherav |
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mountain/peak |
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hot spring |
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conductor |
fdek disuv nikuz |
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North South West East |
shumal / zhnu / mashriq / maghrib |
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What time is it now? / Now |
Tsumar wahti vitk? /niveh |
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yesterday Today Tomorrow |
yezi/vuthk/pigha |
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday |
dushambi / sishambi / chorsambi |
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Thursday / Friday / Saturday / Sunday |
panchambi / zhuma / chambi / yekshambi |
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1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 |
yu / buoy / truy / tsebur / panz |
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6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 |
shal / hub / haat / nau / zas |
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20 / 30 / 40 / 50 |
whist / vista-zas / buvist / buvista-zas |
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60 / 70 / 80 / 90 |
truvist / truvista-zas / ceburvist / ceburvista-zas |
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saad/hazor |
Russian-Farsi phrasebook (Russian-Persian phrasebook)
Part 1. WORDS AND PHRASES FOR SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
Yes - bali
On - no
Ya-man
You are Shoma
onha - they
Inja is here
Unja- there
My name (my name is): Yesm-e man...
What is your name? Esme shoma chie?
I don't understand: Man namifahmam
I don’t speak Farsi: Man Farsi balad niistam
I speak very little Farsi Man heyli kam Farsi baladi
Shoma inglesi baladid? Are you in English? you say?
I am from Russia: Az rusiye am (from Ukraine - ukrain, Belarus and rusiye - sefid)
I am a traveler: MosAfer am I am a free traveler: MosAfer AzAd am
traveling - Jokhangardi
teacher I am Mualem am
I don't want - Man namehoam
No, thanks, I don't want to. - On, merci, nemiham.
I want to sleep - Mihoham behobam
I'm not friends with...dust nadAram
Man (hotel, darbast (this is a taxi), heroin, cigars, whiskey) dust nadAram!
I have a friend in Iran - Man dost Irani daram
I have gifts
I don’t have Nadoram (if you have, give, if you don’t, nadori)
I have a scarf: Chador d'Aram
I'm not a rich man: Servatmand nistam!
Gift for you: Hediye baroe shoma
Danger - Khatarnak
I'm not afraid of anything: Az hichi namitarsam!
Russia is more dangerous than Iran: Rusiye az Iran KhatarnAktar!
The last two phrases are said in response to constant warnings “Mister, it’s dangerous here.” The latter is also possible in communication with the police.
The idea that hitchhiking is very dangerous (and even more deadly than pitching a tent in the desert but completely safe in a city park) is widespread among many local residents. Don't be impressed.
WHAT THE LOCAL SAY:
As koja and??? - where are you from?
Kodum keshwar (mamalkat)! - From what country?
Alman? - German?
Shouravi? -from the Soviet Union?
Koja mekhai take it? -Where do you want to go (go, go)?
Din-e (mashab-e) to (shoma) is clean? - What faith are you?
Gaza hordi? (Sham hordi?) - Did you eat food? If you answer no (- to), they will most likely offer you a treat from the questioner, often including a written entry.
Mehmun bash! (Mehmun-e man bash!) - Be my guest, O stranger, and appreciate Eastern hospitality!
Mister! Hayley HatarnAc! - Mister! Very dangerous!
Mamnu: Forbidden! (Do not go there!)
Inshallah fardo! : If Allah grants, tomorrow.
Usually this means: “We’ll do it tomorrow, but most likely never.”
POLITE PHRASES :
According to Eastern etiquette, you need to say hello even if you saw the person half an hour ago. It is a good idea to ask “how are you doing” several times, this is a favorite Iranian phrase. People of the same sex are greeted by hand, often hugged and kissed. You don’t need to do this with people of the other sex!
Hello: Salam!
Hello (to old people and respectable people): Salaam alaikum!
please (request) Lotfan
please (invitation) Befarmoid
How's it going: hale shoma? (ahvale shoma?)
Good: hoobae
Bad: bad
Thank you, thank you: teshakkor, Me" rsi
Thank you so much Hayley Mamnuun
Please (suggest something): befarmoid
Please (reply to gratitude): hahesh mikonam
Goodbye: Hodafez, Hoda Hafez
Good morning (day, evening) - sobkh (ruz, shab) bekheir
Good night - Shab aram
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
Car: cars
Bus (any): bus
Minibus (minibus in the city or): minibus
Bicycle: docharhe
Motorcycle: motor
Train: gatAr
Boat: kayak
Small passenger ship: landge
Large boat: keshti
Airplane: Havapeima
Luggage storage amonat
An expensive custom taxi with “closed doors” - darbast from “dor baste”
Route taxis (cheap cars without identification marks - usually already have passengers in them and stop for you) are also called taxis.
Sometimes a taxi is Khati (route) and sometimes Savari, but this is usually poorly understood; it’s easier to say a taxi is “not a darbast”.
Taxi is cheap, not Darbast - Taxi Arzun, Darbast-na
Airplane (train) agency (ticket sales) Ajanse havopeima (gator)
(tickets are sold in advance at agencies without extra charges)
Ticket - Belit
Can I return my ticket? Miham whitens pasbedam?
I don’t want to - namiham
I want to make an exchange - mihoham avaz mikonam
Gator - train ("g" is very burry!)
Mahali - local train, very cheap, seated or recumbent, 6 seater compartments
Oddi - sitting distant
Shesh Lux Nafar - six-bed suite with air conditioning
Chahar Lux Nafar is a four-bed suite with air conditioning, twice the price of a six-bed suite.
(nafar place, two tickets to nafar)
City bus stop: istagah-e otobus
Trolleybus stop (in Tehran): istgah-e otobus-e bargi
Metro station (in Tehran): metro, Istgah-e metro
I don't want a taxi: taxi namiham!
Bus station: terminal
Railway station: istgakhe-e gatAr
Airport: Forudgah
Marine Station: Eskele
HITCH-HIKING
No (expensive) taxi! Darbast on! Tehran - free - Tehran - majoni!
I don’t like taxis (I’m not friends with taxis) - man taxi dust nadam
car - car
Kamyon - truck
Traily - trailer
1. salam alaikum! (Hello!)
2. shoma man-ra be taraf...(name of destination) ... majAni mitavonide beresanide? (get me out of the way... can you give me a free ride?)
3. MajAni? (for free?)
The last thing, if you doubt whether the driver understood, needs to be repeated several times. The criterion that the driver has understood will be his obvious surprise. Sometimes you will hear an offended “chera majoni?!” - “why should I lead for free.” But your job is to stupidly repeat the magic word until the driver agrees or leaves. Teach Iranians to hitchhike. Science will win!
Where are you going? Shoma koja mirid?
Are you turning - mipicid?
Stop-stop: Voice-voice!
I say: Piyade misham!
Here, here, nothing is dangerous here, you understood correctly: inja-inja!
I will go on foot (that is, go out) here - Man pyade mishavam inja
If possible, give me a free ride, if not, I'll go out-
A gar mumkene maro majani berisanit, a gar na - man piade mishavam
YOUR REQUESTS AND QUESTIONS :
Can I...? : mitAnam... ?
Can I look here? MitAnam injaro bebinam?
please lead me (show me) do: Lotfan man-ro rokhshamoi konide
Free: ... majAni
Can I sleep here (for free)? : mitAnam inja behAbam (majAni)?
Can I pitch a tent here: mitAnam inja chador bezonam?
Can I leave this bag here (until... hours)? Mitunam in kise inja bemonam (baroe...saad?)
This is for me: In chiz baroie man?
Where is the drinking water: Ab-a khurdan koja?
Do you have (sandwich, kebab, ice cream)? Shoma (sandwich, kebab, bastani) darid?
can I take a photo of you: mitonam az shoma ax begiram?
how much - chand
How much does it cost)? In chande?
How many kilometers to Isfahan: Ta Isfahan chand kilometre?
how many days? chand druz
When - kay?
When will this bus start moving? In otobus kei herokad mikonad?
Cheap (hot) food where? Gazakhuri Arzun Koja?
Where can I eat (hot) food? Koja man mitavunam Gaza behoram?
Where do you make your life? Shoma koja zemdegi myconid?
I'm looking... doing - man donba "le... migardam
GOOD THINGS AND PEOPLE:
ziba - beautiful
where is the beautiful village? Deh-e ziba kojast?
Guest: mehmun
Host (in relation to the guest): mizbAn
Friend Dust
Foreigner KHARIJI
Wife-khanum Husband-shahar Daughter-dukhtar
Son pasar, bacha Mother-madar Father-badar
Friend dust
Travel: mosAferat
Food: gas
Delicious: Khoshmaze
You are good: shoma khubi!
BAD THINGS AND PHRASES :
I have an allergy (to bee stings) Hasosyat daram (be nishe zambul)
muhadder - drugs
Security guard - negahbAn
Police - polis
bad - harab
KGB: ethelai
Prohibited: mom
Money: bullets
Forbidden according to Islam (drinking, drugs, prostitutes, etc.): haram
Snake: mAr (active only in spring, and even then not very much)
Disease: bimAr
Sick (I'm sick): mariz (mariz am)
Thief: dozd, ali baba
You are bad: shoma khub nisti!
We'll do it tomorrow, but most likely never: Inshallah fardo!
Help me (something serious, like I’m drowning!!!) Beman komak konide!
PART 2. INDIVIDUAL WORDS
North: Shomal
South: Jonub
West: garb
East: Sharg
Southeast (example): jonub-e sharg
Top: bolo
Down: Pain
Straightforward: mustokim
Rear: mail
Right: Rast
Left: chap
bill at Hesab restaurant
VERBS:
The base form (past tense) is mentioned first, then the present tense base is mentioned in brackets, and then after the dash - the 1st person singular form. present tense, for example “I do.” For negation, the prefix “na-” is added: “namifakhmam” - “I don’t understand.”
To do - I do: cardan (kon) - mikonam
Go (go) - I’m going: raftan (ra) - miram
Want - want: hostan (hokh) - mihoham
To know - I know: dAnestan (dAn) - midAnam
Understand - I understand: fahmidan (fahm) - mifahmam
Eat (eat) - eat: khordan (choir) - mihoram
Sleep - sleep: hobidan (hob) - mihobam
To rest - I am resting: esterAhat cardan (esterAhat kon) - esterAhat mikonam
Sell: forukhtan (forush)
Buy - buy: haridan (har) - mikharam
To pay - I cry: pardokhtan (pardoz) - mipardozam
NUMERALS:
0123456789 ٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩
0-sefr
1 - yek2 - to 3 - se 4 - chahar
5 - panj 6 - shesh 7 - haft 8 - hasht
9 - noh 10 - dah 11 - yazdah 12 - davzdah
13 - sizdah 14 - chakhardah 15 - punzdah
16 - shunsdah 17 - haftdah 18 - heddah
19 - nuzdah
20 - bist 30 - si 40 - cover 50 - panjah
60 - Shast 70 - Haftad 80 - Hashtad 90 - Navad
100 - garden 200 - devist 1000 - hezAr
2134 (example) - do hezAr-o sad-o si-o chahar
Ordinal numbers (first-second, etc.) are formed by adding the ending “-om”, for example “fifth” - “panjom”.
ADJECTIVES (AKA ADVERBS):
Big - small: bozorg - kuchek
Good - bad (people, things, concepts): hub - bad
Fast - slow: itching - yavosh
Long - short: deraz - kutah
Far - close: dur - nazdik
Cold - warm - hot: sard - garm - dag
Cheap - expensive: Arzun - Gerun
Complex (difficult) - simple: sAkht - AsAn
Heavy - light (by weight): sangin - sabok
Free - prohibited: AzAd - mamnu
Truthful - deceitful: growth - dear
TIME
Today: emruz
Tomorrow: fardo the day after tomorrow pastfardo
Yesterday: diruz the day before yesterday pariruz
Quick: itching
Slow: yavosh
So slow! - Hayley Yavosh!(everything in Iran is usually done too slowly)
Morning: sobh
Day: Ruz
Noon: Zohr
Night: Shab
Afternoon (widely used): bad az zohr
Hour: Soat
Minute: Dagige
Hafte week
Month: max
Year: sal
before: Food, gable
two years ago - before saal food
later Dige
HOUSEHOLD ITEMS OF A TRAVELER
The traveler himself: mosAfer
Tent: chador
Lantern: cherag
Backpack: kuleposti
Geographical map: nakhshe
Compass: kotbnema
Knife: chagu
Rope: tanAb
Telephone card (valid throughout Iran): telephony card
(if the money on the card has not run out, and the phone shows “zero”, wipe the contacts and persistently insert it into different devices - it will work again)
Mobile phone: mobile
Battery: bAtri
Rechargeable battery: BATRI rechargeable
OBJECTS IN THE CITY:
Objects in the city are tied first of all to the “MeidAn, Falake” square or to the “Chaharrah” intersection, even if the area from the object to the area is 500 m, then to the large streets “KhiAbun”, and then to the small streets “Kuche” (not always ). Thus, the indication of the area and “hiabuna” is often only an indication of the approximate location.
Big street (avenue): hiAbun
Malaya street (alley): kuche
Highway (route) on the outskirts of the city: jadde
Area: meidan, falake
Crossroads: ChaharrAkh
Bypass: Kamarbandi
GOVERNMENT OFFICES
Police station: edAre police
Embassy: Sepharat
Consulate: Konusulgiri
Hospital: bimArrestAn
railway ticket office Belit forushi gator (Airplane-Havapeimo)
Museum: muse
Mosque: Masjed
Christian Church: Kelissa
OTHER
Toilet: datshui, toilet
House: xAne
Shop: forushgAkh
“Edalnya” (any with hot food): gazakhuri
Kebab shop: kebabforushi
Bookstore (purchase of cards) - ketAbforushi, forushgah-e kitob
Pharmacy: darukhane (difficult to use, because the concepts of medicines are very different)
Plant: karkhane
Cheap hotel: mehmunkhAne, mehmunsaray
Expensive hotel: hotel
City park: park
Bird Garden (in Isfahan): bAg-e parande
bazaar - bazaar
Magaze store, forushgah
open boz,
closed BastE, Tatil
OBJECTS OUTSIDE THE CITY:
City: Shahr
Village: Rusta, Dekh
Region (adm): Astan
Country: Keshwar, Mamalkat
Route to... : jadde be...
City bypass: Kamarbandi
Bridge: floor
Railway: rah ahan
State border: marz
Customs: Hamrok
Factory, industrial zone: karkhane
Military facility: NezAmi
Mountain: kitchen
Mountain range: KuhestAn
Mountain peak: feraz-e kuh
Cave: GAr
Tree: derakht
Forest: jangal
Desert (any): biAbon Flat desert without mountains: kevir
River (rarely found): Rudhane
Spring: Cheshme
Waterfall: AbshAr
Sea: Daria Lake: Daryacce
Wild animal: heyvon-e vakhshi
blue Abi, green -Sabz
FOOD:
Ab - water, lemon juice - ab Limu
sabzi - vegetables felfel - pepper
Rice (most common side dish in Iran): berenj
Potatoes: sib zamini
Meat: gusht
Chicken: gusht-e morgue
Lamb: gusht-e gusfand:
Classic kebab -lamb chop on a spit (cheap and tasty): kebab kubide
Chicken on a spit with saffron(very tasty, not cheap): juj-e kebab
Juj-e polow - chicken with rice
Fish: Mahi
Sandivchi (common dish, Western on the outside and with Eastern filling): sandwich
calabash, sausage
lobio sabz green beans
kalyam-e gol cauliflower
Gorm-e-sabzi - delicious meat with beans, vegetables, lemon and herbs.
Liver (often used as sandwich filler): jigar
Thick soup with meat and beans: ab gusht
Chowder with meat, beans, potatoes Dizi
Bread: nun
Salt: namak
Lump/bulk sugar: gand/shekar
The cheese is usually cheese-like, highly salted, sold in packaging like a milk bag: Paneer
The cheese is almost unsalted, tasty, similar to a mixture of thick sour cream, cottage cheese and cheese, sold in small plastic packages, sometimes written on them "cream cheese" - Paneer homei
Drinking water: Ab-e khurdan
Soft drinks: nushAbe
Hot tea: dAg teas
Fruit: miwe
Grape: angur
Peaches: holu
carrot - hawij
Pears: golabi
Cherry - sweet cherry: albalu
Oranges: portugal
Manadarins: Narangs
Mango: ambe
Strawberry: goje farang
dates-persimmons
persimmon - persimmon liu
Information about the Pashto language learning app:
Pashto is a European language spoken in northwestern Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is also called Pakhto, Pukhto, Pashto or Pashto in Afghanistan, it is also called Afghani language. People who speak Pashto are known as Pashtuns or in English (Patan people). It is a member of the Eastern Iranian languages group spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as by the Pashtun diaspora around the world.
Learn Pashto in Urdu. is an Android application that teaches to make it easier for those who want Basic Pashto to learn Urdu in this Pashto Dictionary application and who consider themselves weak in this regard. It covers all the basic features that newbies may find useful.
Features of Pashto to Urdu for Beginners:
-Pashto language to Urdu
-Personal Pashto for everyday life
-Personal Pashto for Beginners
-easy Pashto dictionary app for everyone
-English Dictionary for Pashto
-Pathan vs Sardar
-Pashto Shayari dinner for everyone
-easy Pashto dictionary for beginners
-Quick assembly of Pashto SMS
-Personal language Pashto
-Pashto Shayari in photos
-Pashto Dictionary for Urdu Speakers
-Shortcuts in Pashto
In Pakistan, Pashto is spoken by about 15% of Pakistan. It is the main language of KPK province, FATA and northwestern Balochistan, while it is also mentioned in Mianwali and Attock districts of Punjab province. Pashtuns have migrated to many other cities such as Karachi and Lahore, where Pashto is also spoken and understood.
Easy Pashto application for Urdu language students and knowledge of the wide use of learning Pashto language.
Learn Pashto is an educational application that has the motive of giving people an understanding of the Pashto language. The essence of this app is to help those Android users who want to learn Pashto from the basics. This application serves as a guide for those who want to enrich their vocabulary and beautify their conversational ascent. This app also includes learning Pashto with sounds, learning Pashto with pictures.
Other distinctive features:
-easy Pashto language
-Pashto-plot books
-New funny funny jokes
-Top 10 Pashto songs
-Pashing the keyboard on the keyboard
-Urdu for learning in Pushto
-Pashto Shayari funny SMS
-funny pathan SMS
-Translat Urdu to Pashto
-Write text using Pashto keyboard
This app helps Pashto speaking, Pashto writing, Pashto learning, listening skills and reading skills for Pashto students. Easy Pashto app to find meanings of words from Pashto to Urdu dictionary.
The best app to learn Pashto in Urdu for beginners.
Completely free speaker app without gun to learn Pashto easily
An easy to learn App for people who want to learn Pashto within a few days. Pashto Urdu Bol Chaal, Pashto Bol Chal. Helpful for user with Easy Pashto Dictionary
If you don't have time to learn the basics of learning Pashto then grab your camera and download this app which is a simple guide to learn Pashto alphabets with examples in Urdu.
What else could be better than a simple and user-friendly app to help users quickly learn Pashto and all aspects of the Pashto app.
Download this application; learn Pashto and appreciate - Shukriya!
The Pashto language school at MGIMO was created by Konstantin Aleksandrovich Lebedev, a student of the founder of the Moscow school of Pashto studies, Martiros Grigorievich Aslanov (1897–1977).
Martiros Grigorievich Aslanov was born in the village of Crimea, Rostov-on-Don district, Regional Don Army (Myasnikovsky district, Rostov region) into a peasant family. In 1942 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (MIA). Martiros Grigorievich Aslanov - Candidate of Philological Sciences (06/06/1945), senior researcher (05/27/1948). The topic of the dissertation is “Afghan folklore (fairy tales, songs, proverbs).” In 1930–1939 he served in the diplomatic service at the USSR Embassy in Afghanistan. In 1939–1942, he organized the teaching of Pashto at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, laying the foundation for both the teaching of this language and its study. In 1942, he was appointed head of the department of the Military Institute of Foreign Languages (MIFL), and worked in this position until 1947. In 1946, Martiros Grigoryevich Aslanov became a research fellow at the Institute of Language and Thinking, where he worked until 1950, moving to the Institute of Oriental Studies (1950–1958), and then to the Institute of Ethnography (1958–1967) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Awarded USSR medals. Published more than 50 works. Author of the fundamental “Afghan-Russian dictionary: 50,000 words” (1966; 1983).
Konstantin Aleksandrovich Lebedev was born on March 20, 1920 in Kolomna, Moscow Region. He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies in 1942 and soon began teaching Pashto there. In 1949–1954, Konstantin Aleksandrovich Lebedev acted as head of the department of Pashto language and literature at the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages. After the MIV joined MGIMO in 1954, Konstantin Aleksandrovich Lebedev continued teaching at the new institute until 1985. In 1967–1969 he was vice-rector of MGIMO University of the USSR Foreign Ministry for scientific work. In 1981–1996, he was the head of the Department of Iranian Philology at the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, and in 1996–2013 he worked as a professor at this department. Candidate of Philological Sciences (04/27/1950), Doctor of Philology (05/12/1964), Professor (03/18/1967).
Konstantin Aleksandrovich Lebedev published about 100 scientific papers. Main works: “Grammar of the Pashto language” (1956, 1970, 1988), “Pocket Afghan-Russian dictionary” (1962), “Pocket Russian-Afghan dictionary” (1967), “Textbook of the Pashto language for 1st year” (1969), “Russian-Afghan (Pashto) Dictionary” (co-authored, 1973, 1983), “Pocket Pashto-Russian Dictionary” (1985, 2000), “Textbook of the Pashto language for 2nd year” (1992), “Syntax of the modern Pashto language” (1996), “Afghan people - Pashtuns” (1997), “Islam in names, titles and terms” (co-author, 1997), “Afghanistan: Language. Literature. Ethnography" (2003).
Currently, the Pashto language is taught at the department by Yuri Pavlovich Laletin. Candidate of Historical Sciences (04/28/2001), Associate Professor (02/18/2004). Topic of the candidate's dissertation: “Ethnopolitical processes in the history of Afghanistan in the 18th–20th centuries.” Author of a number of works on the history of Afghanistan and textbooks and teaching aids on the Pashto language, including “Textbook of the Pashto language for the first year of study” (2014), “Essays on the medieval and modern history of Afghanistan” (co-author, 2010), “Russian- Pashto phrasebook" (co-author, 2004). Associate Professor Yuri Pavlovich Laletin regularly undergoes internships in the country of the language being studied. Yuri Pavlovich Laletin created the following textbooks and teaching aids: A textbook on the Pashto language for 1st year students. Parts I–II (Moscow: MGIMO, 2002), Pashto language textbook for the first year of study (2014).
Multimedia is widely used in teaching.
The school of teaching Pashto languages has produced many wonderful international specialists and even cultural figures. Such a graduate from Pashto is widely known as the wonderful Russian Soviet writer Yulian Semenovich Semenov, who graduated from the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies in 1953, just before its merger with MGIMO. In 1968, Alexander Prokhorovich Losyukov, who worked as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia in 2007–2008, became a Pashto-language graduate of MGIMO. Among the outstanding graduates of MGIMO from Pashto, a number of ambassadors and other employees of ministries and departments defending the foreign policy interests of Russia should also be mentioned, in particular, Andrei Levonovich Avetisyan - Russian Ambassador to Afghanistan, Bakhtiyor Marufovich Khakimov - Russian Ambassador to Portugal.
Pashto is the native language of the Pashtuns, a people living in the area between southern Afghanistan and the western bank of the Indus River in Pakistan. Pashto is an eastern Iranian language spoken in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Pashtun diaspora. The number of Pashto speakers in the world is estimated at 50-60 million people. According to the Afghan constitution, Pashto is one of the country's two official languages, along with Dari. According to various estimates, Pashto is the native language of 35-60% of the Afghan population.
In Pakistan, Pashto is the primary mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population. It is the main language of the Federal Administration of Tribal Areas and northwestern Balochistan. In 1984, the government of Pakistan allowed the use of Pashto as the language of instruction in primary schools. There are also large groups of Pashto speakers in Iran (mainly in the South Khorasan province on the border with Afghanistan), in Tajikistan, as well as in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the USA, Great Britain and other countries.
Nothing is known about the origin of Pashto and the Pashtuns themselves. The word "Pashto" was formed through regular phonetic processes from parsawa ("Persian"). However, the Pashtuns are sometimes considered the same Pakhta tribe mentioned in the Rig Veda (1700-1100 BC), and the same Paktians described by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus back in the 1st millennium BC.
Since the early 18th century, all kings of Afghanistan, with the exception of Habibullah Kalakani, have been ethnic Pashtuns. However, Farsi, which was at that time the literary language of the royal court, was more common in government institutions, while Pashto was used primarily as a spoken language. The Afghan king Analullah Khan, who reigned from 1919-1929, actively developed Pashto as a symbol of national identity and the movement of “official nationalism”, thanks to which Afghanistan gained independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the third Anglo-Afghan War.
In the 1930s, a movement began to develop Pashto as a language of government, administration and art. The creation of the Pashto Society in 1931, the founding of Kabul University in 1931 and the Pashtun Academy in 1937 played a major role in it. And since 1938, Pashto has been one of the official languages of Afghanistan (together with Dari, which received official status in 1964). Official status was confirmed in 1964 when Afghan Persian was renamed Pashto by the constitutional assembly. However, despite the strengthening of the position of Pashto, the Afghan elite for a long time preferred Farsi, considering it “an exquisite language and a symbol of education and culture.”
The typical word order in a Pashtun sentence is Subject-Predicate-Object. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases (direct, oblique 1, indirect 2 and vocative). The verb system is quite complex, with five tenses (present, simple past, past continuous, present perfect and past perfect). Pashto is an ergative language, i.e. Transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object.
The bulk of Pashtun vocabulary has counterparts in other eastern Iranian languages, but there are also quite a few words of purely Pashtun origin. Loanwords began to enter Pashto in the 7th century - mainly from Arabic, Farsi and Hindustani. And the speech of educated Pashtuns is characterized by the active use of English, French and German borrowings.