Table 46.
Basic properties of phosphorylthiocholine (Vx)
As can be seen from the presented data, FOVs form zones of persistent chemical contamination. Those arriving from the infection zone affected by FOV pose a real danger to others.
Toxicokinetics
Poisoning occurs when inhaling vapors and aerosols, absorbing poisons in liquid and aerosol states through the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, with contaminated water or food - through the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Highly toxic FOS do not have an irritating effect at the site of application (mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, conjunctiva of the eyes, skin) and penetrate the body almost unnoticeably. The highest rate of penetration of poisons into the body is when they are inhaled, the lowest is when they act through the skin. But even when an effective dose of FOS is applied to the skin, resorption occurs within a few minutes (the speed depends on the structure of the toxicant).
Once in the blood, FOS nonspecifically binds to the membranes of vascular endothelial cells, red blood cells, and blood plasma proteins. Due to this, some of the toxicants are excluded from the toxicodynamic process. Substances specifically interact with the active center of carboxylesterase, a hydrolase present in human blood plasma. This interaction plays a significant role in the elimination of FOS. Preliminary inhibition of carboxylesterase activity with tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) significantly increases the toxicity of sarin and soman.
The distribution of substances in the body and the rate of elimination are determined by the presence or absence of charged groups in the FOS molecule, the ability to bind to structural elements of blood and tissues, and the intensity of metabolic transformations. Uncharged molecules, which include almost all highly toxic OPs, including all OMs, easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and have a toxic effect both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Charged compounds containing, for example, ammonium and sulfonium groups, have almost only a peripheral effect.
Important mechanisms for the elimination of organophosphorus compounds from the body are their metabolic reactions. At the same time, some, for the most part, slightly toxic substances are capable of relatively long persistence (karbofos - a day or more). The most toxic representatives, as a rule, are quickly hydrolyzed, oxidized (see above) with the participation of hydrolases (phosphoryl phosphatases, fluorohydrolases, carboxylesterases, arylesterases, etc.) of blood and tissues, microsomal cytochrome P450 dependent oxidases of mixed function, and then bound by the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase with glutathione. Already an hour after intraperitoneal administration to experimental animals, OPAs are detected in trace amounts or not detected at all in the blood. The half-life of sarin and soman is about 5 minutes, Vx is slightly longer. Almost all organs and tissues are capable of metabolizing FOS in accordance with the content and activity of enzymes in them that take part in the transformation of xenobiotics.
Only non-toxic metabolites of substances are released from the body and therefore exhaled air, urine, and feces are not dangerous to others.
Topic 4 lesson 2.
Combat properties of chemical weapons.
Nerve agents, zorin soman V-x.
Study questions:
1 Physical properties of sarin soman V-gases.
2 Toxic properties of sarin soman V-gases and first aid measures in case of injury.
3 Indication of FOV in field conditions.
4 Military chemical characteristics of FOV.
SARIN
) The chemical name is methyl phosphonic acid isopropyl ester fluoride, or isopryl methyl fluorophosphonate.
In the United States, sarin is known under the code GB and is considered one of the main chemical warfare agents.
Toxic properties. Sarin is a very toxic nerve agent with a pronounced mystical effect. When inhaling air poisoned by sarin, when sarin gets on the skin or when ingesting it with water or food, i.e., with all methods of penetration of the toxic substance into the body, general poisoning of the body occurs; Moreover, signs of damage appear immediately, without a latent period.
Stay for 2 min without protective equipment in a contaminated atmosphere with a sarin concentration of 0.0005 mg/l leads to miosis, difficulty breathing, pain in the chest and forehead. The same phenomena occur at significantly lower concentrations, but with longer exposure.
Exposure to higher concentrations of sarin causes severe injury and death. Thus, at sarin concentrations of 0.001 mg/l and exposition 15 min convulsions develop, loss of consciousness occurs, and in some cases death can occur. Sarin concentration 0.06 mg/l lethal at exposure 2 min.
The lethal toxic dose of sarin when exposed through the respiratory system LCt 100 is approximately 0.1-0.15 mg min/l; average lethal dose LCt 50 with low physical activity - 0.07 mg min/l, with strong physical activity - 0.025 mg min/l. At high concentrations of sarin, poisoning is possible due to the penetration of its vapors through the skin. Average lethal toxemia LCt 100 when acting through the skin - 15 mg min/l, average incapacitating dose JCt 50 - 8 mg min/l. Lethal dose of liquid sarin when applied to the skin through uniforms - 2 G(40 drops).
Sarin dose of 0.022 mg/kg when taken orally, it causes mild poisoning with the appearance of nausea, pain under the sternum, heartburn, shortness of breath, anxiety, and fussiness. These symptoms last from 10 min up to 6 hours. Large doses cause severe damage, even death.
The cumulative effect is characteristic of sarin in all cases of entry into the body.
For a general comparative assessment of the toxicity of sarin, it is generally accepted that it is approximately 10 times more toxic than tabun.
Physical properties. Sarin is a colorless, clear liquid with a very faint fruity odor. Its boiling point is 147° (calculated, since the substance decomposes at high temperatures); the solidification temperature, according to some sources, is -50°, according to others, below -30°. The maximum vapor concentration in the air at 20° is 12 mg/l; vapor density in air - 4.8.
Sarin is slightly heavier than water: its density at 20° is 1.0943. It dissolves well in water, alcohol, organic solvents, is absorbed into painted and porous surfaces, and penetrates rubber products.
SOMAN
X 
Its chemical name is pinacoline methylphosphonic acid fluoride, or pinacolyl methylfluorophosphonate.
In the USA, soman is known under the code GD and is considered as a chemical warfare agent.
Toxic properties. The nature of the action of soman is similar to sarin, but more toxic; causes poisoning through all routes of entry into the body.
The literature provides little quantitative data on the toxicity of soman for various types of exposure to the body. There are, in particular, reports that when exposed to inhalation, it is 2-3 times more toxic than sarin, and when exposed through the skin in droplet form, it is 15-20 times more toxic than sarin; LCt 100 is taken as 0.075 for soman toxodose mg min/l. The skin-resorptive effect of soman is also indicated, i.e. the possibility of poisoning when its vapors act on unprotected skin. In addition, there are reports that the lethal dose of soman when it enters the bloodstream is 0.4 - 0.6 mg per person.
Physical properties. Soman is a colorless transparent liquid with an aromatic camphor odor. Its solidification temperature, according to various sources, ranges from - 30 to - 80°; boiling point 42° at pressure 0.2 mmHg Art. and 85° at. pressure 15 mmHg Art.; for the calculated boiling point at atmospheric pressure, data are given from 170 to 200° (decomposition is observed at 140°). For the maximum concentration of soman vapor at 20°, data are given in 2, 65 and 3 mg/l; vapor density in air - 6.3.
Soman is slightly heavier than water: its density at 20° is 1.0131. It is poorly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, organic solvents, fuels and lubricants; absorbs into paint and varnish coatings, porous surfaces, rubber products.
V-GASES(PHOSPHORYLTHIOCHOLINES)
Derivatives of phosphorus acids, collectively called “V-gases”, include compounds containing an aminothiol group, i.e. compounds with the general formula
where A is alkyl R or alkoxy OR;
B - alkoxyl OR; X - halogen.
The chemical name of U gases is phosphorylthiocholines.
Publications about this type of compound first appeared in 1955; Since then, various representatives of these substances have been described. As an example, consider O-ethyl-5-dimethylaminoethylmethylthiolphosphonate.
T 
oxic properties. There is very little data in the literature on the toxicity of the substance, but it is indicated that the LD 50 when administered intraperitoneally to mice is 0.05 mg/kg. Since the LD 50 of sarin when administered intraperitoneally to mice is 0.45 mg/kg, this aminothiol ether can be considered to be about 10 times more powerful than sarin.
The press indicates that quaternary ammonium derivatives are even more toxic, for example LD 50 Iodomethylate-O-ethyl-S-dimethylaminoethylmethylthiolphosphonate
P 
when administered intraperitoneally to mice, it is only 0.026 mg/kg.
Some sources claim that the lethal dose of V-gas upon skin contact is as low as 2 mg per person, in other words, one very small drop will cause fatal injury. The inhalation toxicity of V-gases is also very high - LCt 50 0.04 mg min/l.
Physical properties. Considered as a representative of V-gases, aminothiol ether is an almost colorless liquid with a boiling point of 80° at a pressure of 0.06 mmHg Art.(at atmospheric pressure its boiling point will be above 300°). The maximum vapor concentration at 20° is about 10 -3 -10 -4 mg/l; The density of the substance at 25° is 1.0725.
The substance is slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents; it can be assumed that it, like other nerve-paralytic substances, will dissolve well in fuels and lubricants and be absorbed into paint and varnish coatings of rubber products.
Other representatives of V-gases have similar physical properties.
Due to the fact that the maximum concentration of V-gas vapors is low, the US Army plans to use them in the form of aerosols. The high toxicity of V-gases makes them considered a very dangerous weapon both when inhaled and when they come into contact with unprotected skin.
Soman is a nerve agent, 3 times more toxic than sarin.
Methyl phosphoric acid pinacoline ester fluoride
Colorless liquid with a faint odor of rosin. Vapors are 6 times heavier than air. Boiling point 190 °C, melting point 80 °C. It is practically insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.
It is used in droplet-liquid form - in the form of steam or fog.
The conditional lethal toxic dose for exposure through the respiratory system is 0.05 mg min/l, through the skin - 1.4 mg/kg, through the gastrointestinal tract - 0.14 mg/kg.
Soman affects humans through all routes of entry into the body: through the respiratory system, digestion, and skin. Signs of damage appear almost immediately after poisoning. It has a cumulative effect (accumulates in the body). Causes severe miosis (constriction of the pupils), photophobia, and possible complete loss of vision.
When ingested with food or water, signs of damage appear within 20-30 minutes: vomiting, diarrhea, depression and lethargy appear. Then comes difficulty breathing, chest pain, trembling and muscle cramps. Death occurs from respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Soman makes water and food unfit for consumption.
You can only fully protect yourself by using personal skin protective equipment at the same time as a gas mask.
Soman was first obtained in Germany in 1944, but was not produced on an industrial scale. In the USA it is considered as a chemical warfare agent, despite the fact that there are currently no chemical munitions containing this substance.
Soman- a colorless liquid that, according to various sources, has the smell of apples, camphor, or a faint smell of mown hay. A chemical warfare agent with a nerve-paralytic effect. In many properties it is very similar to sarin, but is more than 2.5 times more toxic. The persistence of soman is slightly higher than that of sarin. A mixture of 4 stereoisomers is used without separation.
Synthesis and properties
The synthesis of soman is similar to the synthesis of sarin - it is carried out by esterification of pinacolyl alcohol (3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol) with a mixture of dichloro- and difluoroanhydrides of methylphosphonic acid:
CH 3 POCl 2 + CH 3 POF 2 + 2CH 3 CH(OH)C(CH 3) 3 Unable to parse expression (Executable file texvc not found; See math/README - help with setup.): \to 2CH 3 P(=O)(F)OCH(CH 3)C(CH 3) 3
Toxicity
Soman is a cholinesterase inhibitor. The first signs of damage are observed at concentrations of about 0.0005 mg/l after a minute (constriction of the pupils of the eyes, difficulty breathing). The average lethal concentration for exposure through the respiratory system is 0.03 mg min/l. The lethal concentration for resorption through the skin is 2 mg/kg. Protection against soman - gas mask and skin protection products, as well as antidotes. First synthesized in Germany by Richard Kuhn in 1944 for use as a BWA.
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Excerpt characterizing Soman
“Let’s start with the fact that this is a misunderstanding of the sign itself,” Sever answered, smiling. “It was not a lily when it was brought to Frankia Meravingli.”Trefoil - the battle sign of the Slavic-Aryans
– ?!.
“Didn’t you know that it was they who brought the “Threfoil” sign to Europe at that time?..,” Sever was sincerely surprised.
- No, I've never heard of it. And you surprised me again!
– The three-leaf clover once, a long time ago, was the battle sign of the Slavic-Aryans, Isidora. It was a magical herb that helped wonderfully in battle - it gave warriors incredible strength, it healed wounds and made it easier for those leaving for another life. This wonderful herb grew far in the North, and only magicians and sorcerers could get it. It was always given to warriors who went to defend their homeland. Going into battle, each warrior uttered the usual spell: “For Honor! For Conscience! For Faith! While also making a magical movement, he touched the left and right shoulders with two fingers and the middle of the forehead with the last. This is what the Three Leaf Tree truly meant.
And so the Meravingli brought it with them. Well, and then, after the death of the Meravingley dynasty, the new kings appropriated it, like everything else, declaring it a symbol of the royal house of France. And the ritual of movement (or baptism) was “borrowed” by the same Christian church, adding to it a fourth, lower part... the part of the devil. Unfortunately, history repeats itself, Isidora...
Yes, history really repeated itself... And it made me feel bitter and sad. Was anything real from all that we knew?.. Suddenly I felt as if hundreds of people I didn’t know were looking at me demandingly. I understood - these were those who KNEW... Those who died defending the truth... It was as if they bequeathed to me to convey the TRUTH to those who do not know. But I couldn't. I left... Just as they themselves once left.
Suddenly the door swung open with a noise and a smiling, joyful Anna burst into the room like a hurricane. My heart jumped high and then sank into the abyss... I couldn’t believe that I was seeing my sweet girl!.. And she, as if nothing had happened, smiled widely, as if everything was great with her, and as if she wasn’t hanging over ours. lives are a terrible disaster. - Mommy, honey, I almost found you! Oh, North!.. Have you come to help us?.. Tell me, you will help us, right? – Looking into his eyes, Anna asked confidently.
North just smiled at her tenderly and very sadly...
* * *
Explanation
After a painstaking and thorough thirteen-year (1964-1976) excavation of Montsegur and its environs, the French Group of Archaeological Research of Montsegur and the Environment (GRAME) announced in 1981 its final conclusion: No trace of ruins from the First Montsegur, abandoned by its owners in the 12th century, has been found. . Just as the ruins of the Second Fortress of Montsegur, built by its then owner, Raymond de Pereil, in 1210, have not been found.
(See: Groupe de Recherches Archeologiques de Montsegur et Environs (GRAME), Montsegur: 13 ans de rechreche archeologique, Lavelanet: 1981. pg. 76.: "Il ne reste aucune trace dan les ruines actuelles ni du premier chateau que etait a l" abandon au debut du XII siecle (Montsegur I), ni de celui que construisit Raimon de Pereilles vers 1210 (Montsegur II)...")
According to the testimony given to the Holy Inquisition on March 30, 1244 by the co-owner of Montsegur, arrested by Lord Raymond de Pereil, the fortified castle of Montsegur was “restored” in 1204 at the request of the Perfects - Raymond de Miropois and Raymond Blasco.
(According to a deposition given to the Inquisition on March 30, 1244 by the captured co-seigneur of Montsegur, Raymond de Pereille (b.1190-1244?), the fortress was "restored" in 1204 at the request of Cather perfecti Raymond de Mirepoix and Raymond Blasco.)
However, something still remains to remind us of the tragedy that unfolded on this small piece of mountain soaked through with human blood... Still firmly clinging to the foundation of Montsegur, the foundations of the disappeared village literally “hang” over the cliffs...
Anna looked at Sever enthusiastically, as if he was able to give us salvation... But little by little her gaze began to fade, because from the sad expression of his face she understood: no matter how much he wanted it, for some reason there would be no help.
“You want to help us, don’t you?” Well, tell me, you want to help, Sever?..
Anna took turns peering carefully into our eyes, as if wanting to make sure that we understood her correctly. Her pure and honest soul could not understand that someone could, but did not want to save us from a terrifying death...
“Forgive me, Anna... I can’t help you,” Sever said sadly.
- But why?!! Don’t you regret that we will die?.. Why, North?!..
- Because I DO NOT KNOW how to help you... I don’t know how to destroy Karaffa. I don't have the right "weapons" to get rid of him.
Still not wanting to believe, Anna very persistently continued to ask.
– Who knows how to overcome it? Someone should know this! He's not the strongest! Even grandfather Isten is much stronger than him! After all, really, North?
It was funny to hear how she easily called such a person grandfather... Anna perceived them as her faithful and kind family. A family in which everyone cares about each other... And where another life in it is valuable for everyone. But, unfortunately, they were not exactly such a family... The Magi had a different, separate life. And Anna still didn’t understand this.
“The Master knows this, dear.” Only he can help you.
– But if this is so, then how come he hasn’t helped until now?! Mom was already there, wasn't she? Why didn't he help?
- Forgive me, Anna, I can’t answer you. I don't know...
At this point I couldn’t keep silent any longer!
– But you explained it to me, Sever! What has changed since then?..
- Probably me, my friend. I think it was you who changed something in me. Go to the Lord, Isidora. He is your only hope. Go before it's too late.
I didn’t answer him. And what could I say?.. That I don’t believe in the help of the White Magus? I don’t believe he’ll make an exception for us? But this is exactly what was true! And that’s why I didn’t want to go to bow to him. Perhaps it was selfish to do this, perhaps it was unwise, but I could not help myself. I no longer wanted to ask for help from my father, who had once betrayed his beloved son... I did not understand him, and I completely disagreed with him. After all, he COULD have saved Radomir. But I didn’t want to... I would give a lot in the world for the opportunity to save my sweet, brave girl. But, unfortunately, I did not have such an opportunity... Even if they kept the most precious thing (KNOWLEDGE), the Magi still did not have the right to harden their hearts to such an extent as to forget simple philanthropy! To destroy compassion in yourself. They turned themselves into cold, soulless “librarians” who sacredly guarded their library. Only now the question was, did they remember, having closed themselves in their proud silence, FOR WHOM this library was once intended?.. Did they remember that our Great Ancestors left their KNOWLEDGE so that it would help them someday? grandchildren to save our beautiful Earth?.. Who gave the White Magus the right to unilaterally decide when exactly the hour would come that they would finally open the doors wide? For some reason, it always seemed to me that those whom our ancestors called Gods would not allow their best sons and daughters to die just because the “right” time was not yet on the threshold! For if the blacks slaughter all the enlightened ones, then no one will understand even the best library...