(from Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relations, which reveal from opposite sides correlative concepts associated with one circle of objects, phenomena. Words form antonymic pairs based on their lexical meaning. One and the same word, if it is ambiguous, can have several antonyms.

occur within all parts of speech, however, the words of an antonymic pair must belong to the same part of speech.

Do not enter into antonymic relations:

- nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;

- numerals, most pronouns;

- words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);

- words with different stylistic coloring;

- words with magnifying or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).

By their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them there are:

- one-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;

- heterogeneous antonyms: black - white, good - bad.

The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of the word. Each of the meanings of the word can have its own antonyms. Yes, the word fresh in different meanings will have different antonymic pairs: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.

Antonymic relations can also arise between different values the same word. For example, to look through means “to get acquainted with something, to check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not notice, miss”. The combination of opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.

Depending on the distinctive features that words with the opposite meaning have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or simply language) And contextual speech(author's or individual).

Common language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and fixed in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).

Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.

The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.

One of the stylistic figures is built on a sharp opposition of antonyms - antithesis(opposition) - a characteristic by comparing two opposite phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often build titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Thick and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc.

Another stylistic device, which is based on the comparison of antonymic meanings, is oxymoron or oxymoron(gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech in which logically incompatible concepts are connected: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.

Dictionaries of antonyms will help you choose an antonym for a word.Dictionaries of antonyms- linguistic reference dictionaries that describe antonyms. For example, in dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya the interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), the contexts of use are given. A in the dictionary of N.P. Kolesnikova antonyms and paronyms are fixed. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.

In addition to dictionaries of antonyms general type, there are also private dictionaries that fix polar relationships in some narrow areas of vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialectisms, etc.

Let's take a look at the most common examples of antonyms: good evil; good bad; friend - enemy; day Night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; true False; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick - thin; hard - soft; brave - cowardly; White black; fast - slow; high Low; bitter - sweet; hot Cold; wet - dry; full - hungry; new - old; big small; laugh - cry; speak - be silent; love - hate.

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Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.

One part of speech is not the only condition under which words of opposite meaning can be called antonyms. There must be some common feature between these words. That is, both concepts should describe a feeling, or time, or space, or quality and quantity - and in this case they will be antonyms.

Examples of antonyms.

Let's analyze this definition with examples.

Antonym for the word "before".

The antonym for the word "before" would be the word "now". Both words are adverbs - “when? before" and "when? now". Both of them are united by a common feature - the description of time. But if the word "before" describes a situation or event that took place sometime in the past, then the word "now" refers to the present. Thus, the words are opposite in meaning and are antonyms.

Antonym for the word "Greetings".

The antonym for the word "friendly" is the word "unfriendly". Both concepts belong to the same part of speech - adverb. As the rule requires, they are united by a common feature - that is, they describe an emotional connotation. But if the word “friendly” means joy and pleasure (for example, from someone’s presence), then “unfriendly” has the exact opposite meaning - the one whose appearance or speech is characterized by this word is clearly not happy with anything.

Antonym for the word "Tears".

The antonym for the word "tears" will be the word "laughter". Both concepts are nouns, both of them describe an emotional action. But if in the first case the emotion is clearly negative - tears of grief, tears of sadness, tears of pain - then the word "laughter" means joy, happiness and fun. The words are opposite in meaning - and therefore, are antonyms.

Other popular antonyms.

Below is a list of words and their antonyms.

• The word "Synonym", antonym - "Antonym".
• The word "Interesting", the antonym - "Boring".
• The word "Wind", the antonym - "Quiet".
• The word is “Find”, the antonym is “Losing”.
• The word is “Fresh”, the antonym is “Spoiled, stale”.
• The word "Beautiful", the antonym - "Disgusting, terrible."
• The word is "Snow", the antonym is "Rain".
• The word is “Expected”, the antonym is “Sudden, unexpected”.
• The word "Carefully", the antonym - "Carelessly".
• The word is "Sun", the antonym is "Moon".
• The word is "Day", the antonym is "Night".
• The word "Fast", the antonym - "slow".

We hope now you know what an antonym is.

In meaning, but words belonging to the same part of speech. They have different spellings and sounds. It is very easy to determine the meaning of one antonym through another, it is enough to give it the form of negation. For example, a direct antonym for the word to speak - not to be silent, sad - not cheerful and so on. In this article, we will consider the concept of "antonyms" in more detail and find out their types.

General information

Due to the richness of the Russian language, there are many nuances and subtleties in any part of speech. Not without reason in schools and some higher educational institutions Numerous textbooks on linguistics are studied.

1. It is noteworthy that, due to the ambiguity, the antonyms of the same word in different contexts differ. For example: old boar - young boar, old car - new car, old cheese - fresh cheese and so on.
2. Not every lexical unit has antonyms. They are not, for example, in words sew, institute, book and so on.
3. The main feature is the opposition of words that can mean:

• attributes of the subject ( smart - stupid, evil - kind);
• social and natural phenomena (talent - mediocrity, heat - cold);
• states and actions ( disassemble - collect, forget - remember).

Types of antonyms

They are different in structure.

• One-root antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning, but have the same root. For example: love - dislike, progress - regression. They are formed by adding prefixes (non-, without / with-, re-, de-, and so on).
• Different-root antonyms are words that are polar in meaning and have different roots. For example: big - small, black - white.

In turn, the first type is also divided into: antonyms-euphemisms (loyally express the opposite, difference, for example: significant - insignificant) and enantiosemes (express opposition with the same word, for example: view(in the sense of seeing) and view(meaning skip).

Another group is also distinguished: contextual antonyms are words that differ in meaning only in a particular case. For example, in the author's performance: she had not eyes- A eyes.

The meaning of antonyms are as follows.

• Opposite: they denote the polarity of actions, phenomena or signs. As a rule, between similar antonyms you can put a word with a neutral meaning: joy- apathy - sad, positive- indifference - negative.
• Vector: they denote multidirectional actions: put on - take off, open - close.
• Contradictory: indicate the polarity of objects, phenomena and signs, each of which excludes the other. It is impossible to put a neutral word between them: right left.

In a sentence, antonyms play a stylistic role and are used to make speech more expressive. Often they are used as an antithesis (opposition, contrast). Example: "Who was nobody, he will become everything." Sometimes antonyms form an oxymoron (connection of the incompatible). Example: " Hot Snow", "Living Dead".

Antonyms are widely used not only in the titles of works, but also in proverbs and sayings.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Antonyms

(from anti... and Greek onima - name), words with the opposite meaning. For example: "true False", "poor - rich".

Explanatory Translation Dictionary

Antonyms

1. Words that have opposite meanings. They can be used as one of the methods of non-translatable semantization of a word.

2. Words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. Denoting opposite manifestations of the same essence, antonyms mutually negate and at the same time presuppose each other.

Antonyms

(Greek anti "against" and onuma "name") Words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings correlative with each other; be in love - hate.

Not all words are antonymous.

According to the structure of the root, antonyms are distinguished:

1) heterogeneous ( wealth - poverty);

2) one-root ( action - opposition).

By the presence of an intermediate concept between antonyms, they distinguish:

1) gradual antonyms: white – (grey) – black;

2) non-graded: true - false.

Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

Antonyms

(from anti... and Greek onima - name) - words of the same part of speech with the opposite meaning. An expressive means of creating contrast.

Rb: language. Visual and expressive means

Corr: synonyms

Gender: means of lexical expressiveness

Ass: antithesis

Example: truth is a lie, "Fathers and Sons"

poor - rich, "War and Peace"

far - close, "Thick and thin"

rise - fall, "Days and nights"

before after.

* "Denoting opposite manifestations of the same essence, antonyms mutually negate and at the same time presuppose each other" (LA Novikov). *

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Antonyms

(from Greek anti - against + onima - name). Words with opposite meanings. The basis of antonymy is the presence in the meaning of the word of a qualitative feature that can increase or decrease and reach the opposite. Therefore, there are especially many antonyms among adjectives expressing the concepts of quality (good - bad), various sensations (hard - soft, hot - cold, wet - dry, sweet - bitter), volume, length, size (thick - thin, large - small, wide - narrow, high - low, long - short, spacious - cramped), weight (heavy - light), shape (sharp - dull), color (white - black, light - dark), psychological assessments (kind - evil, gentle - rude, cheerful - sad, brave - cowardly), time (early - late), space (close - far), age (young - old), etc.

Similar meanings of opposite and contrast can be expressed by nouns (good - evil, strength - weakness, youth - old age, life - death, health - illness, work - rest, victory - defeat, peace - war, morning - evening, summer - winter, south - north, top - bottom), verbs (live - die, work - rest, love - hate, rejoice - be sad, respect - despise, flourish - fade, come - leave), adverbs (early-late, close-far, ahead - behind, here - there, here - there), prepositions (in - from, under - over), etc.

The polysemy of words determines the presence of not one, but several antonyms in the same word. cf.: low fence - high fence, low deed - noble deed.

In speech, dictionary antonyms built on the direct meaning of the word can be replenished with contextual antonyms; cf.; cramped apartment - spacious apartment; tight shoes - loose shoes. Antonyms are widely used in artistic speech, in journalism as an expressive means of creating contrast. They often make up the titles of works of art: "Fathers and Sons" (Turgenev); "War and Peace" (L. Tolstoy); "Thick and Thin" (Chekhov); "Days and nights" (Simonov). cf. also the role of antonyms in the construction of antithesis.

" of Greek origin and is translated as "opposite".

Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning, expressing it with the help of paradigmatic connections.

Antonyms are very interesting phenomenon language, because in the mind of a person are stored in the form of an antonymic pair.

Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other by all their content, their semantic structure is extremely homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.

For example, a pair of antonyms "-" has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential (positive and negative mood).

Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely matching compatibility.

Types of antonyms

There are 2 types of antonyms:

1) multi-rooted and single-rooted.

One-root antonyms usually form a non-prefixed and a prefixed word. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; come - walk away.

Different root antonyms are completely different in their external appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.

2) gradual, nongradual and vector antonyms.

Gradual antonyms express the opposite, which implies the existence of intermediate steps between the two extreme points. Examples: brilliant - talented - gifted - average abilities - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - sensible - not stupid - average abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.

Non-gradual antonyms are concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.

Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, features, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - opponent.