Tactics, guard and reconnaissance service during the times of the Romans Citing written sources telling about the use of the horse in war, we showed that it was originally used as a means of quickly moving a warrior to the battlefield, harnessed to a chariot.

Simultaneously with the fortified lines, a watchdog And village service, which was the third and very important defensive means. I will describe it as it was sent around 1571, when a special commission was formed to streamline it, chaired by the boyar Prince M.I. Vorotynsky, which drew up the charter for both services. From the forward cities, the second and part of the third defensive line advanced in different directions to well-known observation points watchmen and villages two, four or more mounted warriors, children of boyars and Cossacks, to observe the movements of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars in the steppe, “so that military people would not come to the sovereign’s Ukraine in unknown war.” Observation points were removed from the cities for four days or five days. Before 1571, there were 73 such watchmen and they formed 12 chains, a network stretching from the Sura River to the Seima River and from here turning onto the Vorskla and Northern Donets rivers. The guard posts were separated from each other by a day, more often by half a day's travel, so that constant communication between them was possible. There were watchmen near and far, named after the cities from which they came. Closer to the Oka, in the back row, stood the Dedilovsky, one Epifansky, Mtsensky and Novosilsky guards, to the left of them were the Meshchersky, Shatsky and Ryazhsky, to the right - the Oryol and Karachevsky, to the south, further into the steppe, the Sosensky (along the Bystraya Sosna River), from Yelets and Liven - Don, Rylsk, Putivl and, finally, Donetsk, the farthest. The watchmen had to stand motionless in their places, “without dismounting from their horses,” mainly protecting the river fords, climbs, where the Tatars climbed across rivers in their raids. At the same time, the villagers, two at a time, went around their tracts, the spaces entrusted to their care are six, ten and fifteen miles to the right and left of the observation point. Having noticed the movement of the Tatars, the villagers immediately let the nearby cities know about it, and they themselves, letting the Tatars through, were driving around They reconnoitered the sakmas that the enemy passed through in order to estimate their numbers based on the depth of the horse tracks. A whole system of transmitting steppe news by watchmen and village residents was developed. Captain Margeret says that the watchmen usually stood near large lonely steppe trees, one of them watched from the top of the tree, others fed the saddled horses. Noticing dust on the steppe sakma, the watchman mounted a ready horse and galloped to another guard tree, the watchman of which, barely seeing the galloping, galloped to the third, etc. Thus, the news of the enemy quickly reached the Ukrainian cities and Moscow itself.

About the Cossacks of Seversk, Oskol, Donetsk, Komaritsa and others. In the framework of this short article, we will include in the concept of “Seversk Cossacks” all possible groups of Cossacks in the territory of the Seversk land, recorded in historical sources in the waters of the Dnieper basin: Oskol, Donetsk,Putivlsky, Rylsky, Komaritsky and others.

The “Northern Cossacks” can be divided into two specific formations: free and service. We will try to briefly present both of these communities in different local guises in this article.

So, among other things, in 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf wrote to Ivan the Terrible about the attacks on the Don on the Nogais carried out by stellate sturgeon. Doubt arises that the Seversk Cossacks had some kind of single ethnic nature (if there was such a thing at all in the 16th-17th centuries). The free Cossacks of the Seversk land, especially Donetsk and Oskol, were bands of the southern Russian militarized population, probably partially connected with the remnant of the ancient “north” and were an alternative branch of the Cossacks as such.

Sometimes it was not connected with any serious relations, for example, with the Don Cossacks - there were only isolated migrations of stellate sturgeons to the Don. At the very least, it is unlikely that this has acquired any mass character; most likely the stellate sturgeon were more active “on the ground”, on the territory of the Severshchina. So, among other things, in 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf wrote to Ivan the Terrible about attacks on the Don on the Nogais carried out by stellate sturgeon

[i] . It is possible that the Seversky Cossacks and small groups of Tatars will fall into the environment. It is likely that the Seversk Cossacks were replenished by Don Cossacks and Cherkasy - but to what extent is difficult to judge. We will not dwell closely on this topic and will leave it for introduction into circulation by new researchers.

“...with their wives they enjoyed living near Putivl and being servants...” One of the initial pages of the chronicle of the Seversky Cossacks, in our opinion, should be considered the episode of recruiting the so-called Azov Cossacks into the service by Moscow Prince Vasily III, settled near Putivl “... having the pleasure of living with Putivl and being servants with their wives...» This happened, apparently, between 1515-20. According to the assumption of the famous researcher of the Don Cossacks E.P. Savelyev, sometimes far from scientific reality, it was these Putivl Cossacks who gave the basis to the service contingent of the guard and stanitsa service in this corner of the Seversk land, securing the name “Sevryuks”. Here E.P. Savelyev makes a clear mistake, giving his reasoning the color of some kind of historical romance. In our opinion, it is absolutely impossible to identify the former Azov natives with the Stellate Sturgeon and here’s why. As is known, in the instructions of 1571, compiled by Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky together with the guard Cossacks and villagers, who knew their areas of the Wild Field perfectly well, a regulation was established on the removal from service of the Putivl sturgeons, who served not from estates, but for hire and poorly fulfilled their responsibilities. A.G. Slyusarsky believed that the peculiarity of the unpreparedness of the stellate sturgeon for guard duty was that the main means of subsistence of this group of the Severshchina population was precisely the fishing economy, which dominated military affairs. The last statement, which certainly has a real basis, goes a little against the fact that the Sevryuks were undoubtedly a border community, where knowledge of the basics of military affairs was a prerequisite for their existence and survival during the time of “incessant” Tatar “arrivals”. In fact, it would be more correct to note that the stellate sturgeon skillfully combined fishing and economic activity with knowledge of military affairs, with the prevailing role of the former. Returning to the opinion of E.P. Savelyev, we emphasize that the historian of the Don Cossacks was certainly right that the Azov people formed a certain backbone of the guard Cossacks and villagers of Putivl.

The Nikon Chronicle reports that the Novgorod-Seversky principality was inhabited by the so-called Seversky or Ukrainian Cossacks, called “Sevryuks,” who were found in many cities, such as: Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Starodub, Rylsk, Putivl, etc. Let’s talk more about this -less detailed.

Information about the Cossacks in Rylsk begins to actively “flicker” in historical reports starting from the 1530s. The first person from among the Ryl Cossacks was Ivan Kokhonin, noted in the charter of Grand Duke Vasily III in Karachev: “Our governor Vasily Sergeev wrote to me from Novgorodka and Seversky..., and our governor Vasily Sergeev wrote to him from Rylsk: the Cossack Ivan Kokhonin came to him from the Rylsk field with his companions, and brought with him his wife Polonyanka Karachevsky full...» That is, even then the guard and stanitsa services in Rylsky (as well as in neighboring Putivlsky) districts acquired an active stage of their existence. For example, in 1522, the Russian ambassador Tretyak Gubin reported in his report about two Putivl Cossacks - Fedka and Uvar, who went on guard duty to the Vorskla River. In 1541, Prince Ivan Fedorovich Belsky, concerned about the next activity of the Tatars in the southern Russian steppes, sent a messenger from the capital to Putivl. The governor of this city, Fyodor Pleshcheev, was entrusted with sending a stanitsa patrol to the steppe under the leadership of Gavrila Tolmach.

The task of the village detachment was reconnaissance in the steppe, monitoring the Tatars and identifying their numbers. Tolmach's village discovered the Tatars on the Seversky Donets River, after which Gavrila himself had to hastily ride with the news through Rylsk to Moscow. A little later, the news about the Tatars was brought to Moscow by another village resident, Alexey Kutukov. The fears of the Moscow authorities were not in vain: in March 1542, a large Tatar detachment of Tsarevich Amin was already destroying the outskirts of Putivl.

V.P. Zagorovsky believes that the stanitsa service in Putivl district (as well as in Rylsky) acquired regular features in 1550-51, 20 years before its all-Russian establishment. At this time, the situation on the southern borders of Muscovy was most tense - Ivan the Terrible personally went with his regiments to the “coastline” - near Ryazan and Kolomna.

In 1555, the village of Lavrentiy Koltovsky tracked down the Tatars on the Obyshkin transport through the Seversky Donets. The messenger Bogdan Nikiforov was immediately sent to Putivl and Moscow with the village leader Shemyatka (a guide, an expert on the area who was stationed at the village). L. Koltovsky’s reply reported that about twenty thousand Tatars were transported through the stile.

City Cossacks also served in Starodub - another city in the Severshchina, then still in Moscow - we will touch on this period superficially. The replenishment of the staff of the Starodub Cossacks came from volunteers - free, willing people, apparently not always “from the locals”. For example, among the immigrants in 1632 from the Lithuanian Starodub to Sevsk - Cossacks, Sevryuks, arable peasants and gunners - Cossacks were listed on the lists under the geographical nicknames Pskovitin and Kozlitin - Borka Pskovitin and Pavlik Pskovitin

Unfortunately, we have extremely limited sources on the personnel of the Starodub Cossacks of Moscow Starodub. A small exception are the questioning speeches of the archers, Cossacks, nobles, children of the boyars, gunners, and Starodub Seversky’s fighters, compiled on the occasion of the alleged relations of servicemen with Lithuanian people. These lists contain the following surnames: Chemesov, Podlinev, Sedelnikov, Serkov (later a well-known Cossack white-place surname in Karachev), Boyarkin, Roev, Shipov, Osavtsov, Rozhnov, Lomakin, Poteryaishin, Nakhodkin, Ostroglyadov(ets), Lashin

. Almost all of the above names are found in the cities to which the military people of Starodub were resettled after it was abandoned to Poland. Let's talk briefly about recruiting willing people into the service.

In the decree of 1589 from Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, head Afanasy Fedorovich Zinoviev was instructed to gather in Putivleko service the children of the boyars, streltsy, gunners, zatinshchiki, Cherkasy, lined up and so-called “hunting” Cossacks. Zinoviev was ordered to distribute salaries to servicemen and newly recruited people and to march on the Seversky Donets and Oskol rivers against the Belgorod Tatars and Cherkasy. The military men were brought to the gathering place from Chernigov, Rylsk and Starodub. The Putivl heads - Ivan Kireev and Yuri Bezzubtsev were supposed to take away 102 people of the “hot Cossacks”, in Rylsk Ivan Nikolnikov and Yan Bobrovsky - 50, in Starodub Fyodor Shchegolev and Yakush Lysy - 125 people. The salary of the Seversk willing Cossacks was “two rubles each”; newly recruited servicemen were required to report for duty “O two horse or two gelding.” However, neither in Putivl nor in Rylsk the heads were able to clean up a single person, the old man Fyodor Shchegolev turned out to be more successful and brought only five willing Cossacks, and even those "one horse at a time." As the decree further reports, initially in Starodub Shchegolev gathered 25 free people, but the money determined as a salary for the Cossacks was “expropriated” by a certain Peter Sovin. True, then these funds were nevertheless sent to Putivl for the “device” of the eager Cossacks - “... the money was ordered... to be sent to Putivl and with that money it was ordered to take away the willing Cossacks, as many as possible, according to the wrong decree, how many were ordered to be taken, depending on the money. And the salary was ordered to be given to three rubles per person, and those Cossacks would have about two horses or two geldings, but in captivity they had two or three horses.” A similar situation, but a little more successful, was repeated in 1632 during the Smolensk War - Ivan Eropkin was tasked with cleaning up the Seversk cities - Rylsk, Sevsk with the Komaritsky volost and Putivl "all sorts of unwritten people" with arquebuses numbering 500 people as Cossacks with an assigned sovereign salary of 4 rubles per year, plus potion and lead. Non-literate people meant non-tax workers, non-servants and non-serfs.

For this purpose, nobles and clerks were sent to the designated cities, so that the local governors would release everyone. Of course, it was not possible to fully staff the willing Cossacks: “and the Seversky, sir, cities, and from the Kamaritsa volost, people who are eager to become Cossacks are not recruited and are not recruited into the service.”

In the Rank Books of 1618, in the garrison of the city of Rylsk, according to estimates, there were 100 Starodub Cossacks, along with 117 boyar children, 26 gunners and fighters, 200 archers. These are the service people who were resettled after the Deulin truce to other Seversk cities. After the construction of the Sevsky fort in the Komaritsa volost in 1620, some of the military men of Starodub were brought there.

The Cossacks of Trubchevsk distinguished themselves in the campaign against the army of False Dmitry I and the Poles in the fall of 1604 near Novgorod-Seversky. They, numbering 74 people, were given the sovereign's salary: “Four arshins of cloth and two rubles of money per person.” So the salary received: Sotsky Efremka Kisly, Pentecostal Strashka Kozintsov, Yakimka Yakovlev, Yakushka Netrekhov, Ofonka Bocharov, Ignatka Okatov, Ofonka Yurakov, Loginka Markov, Ivashka Golovachov, Ileyka Lyakhov, Mishka Demidov, Ivashka Yakovlev, Lukyanka Ontipin, Aniska Fedorov, Ovdyushka Ignatov , Fedoska Grigoriev, foreman Ivashka Samoilov, Ovdokimko Ivanov, Savka Mikulin, Troshka Ivanov, Kireyka Mikulin, Vaska Pakhomov, Zhadenka Ivanov, Vaska Ortemov, Zhdanka Ivanov, Vaska Ilyin, Grishka Davydov, Minka Ivanov, Gavrilka Ogafonov, Ivashka Yankov, Meleshka Yakovlev, Levka Fedorov, Deniska Ovdeev, Pakhomka Fedorov, Timoshka Fedorov, foreman Ivashka Skomorokhov, Ostapka Ivanov, Vaska Ivanov, Gorasimka, Ondreev, Ivashka Fedorov, Anikonka Yakovlev, Mitka Maximov, Ondryushka Golobushin, foreman Danilka Fedorov, Ostapka Krokhin, Mikiforka Grigoriev, Tereshka Lev onov Senka Omelianov, Vaska Ilyin, Savka Gavrilov, Oleshka whispered, Ivashka Ovideev, Ondryushka Shipukha, Ivashka Ondreyev, Ivashka Ivanov, Boriska Fedorov, Ivashka Letyagin, Vasima Yakovlev, Maxima Naumov, ONTOKA GRADYAEV, NEKASHY YEREMEEV, Grishka Smiryakin, Ivashka Yershov, Ivashka, Ivashka, Ivashka. Vaska Borisov, Ondryushka Petrov, Ondryushka Gonchar, Shestachka Usotsky, Simashka Makarov, foreman Volodka Ivanov, Loginka Ivanov, Stepanka Gridin, Kuzemka Frolov, Stepanka Ontonov, Oleshka Khrenov .

There is no data on the number or origin of the Trubchev Cossacks of the early 17th century.

In the same campaign, 76 Cossacks from the city of Novgorod-Seversky, led by Pentecostal Grisha Kostin, took part, such as: Tishka Putin, Osipka Shevernin, Yakushka Milkov, Oleshka Minin, Vaska Maltsov, Mitya Sofonov, Ontonka Zaitsov, foreman Login Rodyukin, Bogdashka Kortavoy, Selyushka Fateev, Ofonka Kuznets, Matyushka Maltsov, Grishka Putin, Kornilka Kuznetsov, Larka Igumnov, Ivashka Sokurov, Ivashka Shishik, Grishka Savin, Gulyayka Plokhovo, Zamyatenka Naumov, Fedka Ondreev, Savka Pravdin, foreman Yudka Sergeev, Pashka Grechishnikov, Senka Korostelev, Danilka Kortsov, Babarik Frolov, Yakushka Ososkov, Ivashka Penkovets, Petrushka Plokhovo, Gavrilka Martyanov, Mishka Teleshov, Ondryushka Pasnovets, Vaska Erin, Minka Meshchaninov, Tishka Ulyanov, Ondryushka Konoplin, Mitka Sheplin, Danilka Borbota, Ivashka Rubtsov, foreman Mikiforka Lukin, Ivanka Glumov , Ondryushka Mikhailov, Mishka Mikiforov, Ivashka Shakhov, Mikhalka Erin, Myakotka Kozhevnikov, Bogdashka Topin, Grishka Filipov, Kucha Naumov, Pentecostal Fedor Sabelnikov, Filipka Gavrilov, Petrusha Maltsov, Maksimka Maltsov, Stepanka Dutovo, Fedka Denisov, Ondryushka Chemigov, Kuzemka Dudin, Fochka Nikonov, Stepanka Vodostoev, foreman Yakushka Ostrovsky, Ontoshka Ovdeev, Grishka Moseev, Ivashka Prudnikov, Moseyka Zakharov, Savka Glumov, Stepanka Vlasov, Fedka Pravdin, Larka Lukhtanov, foreman Ivanka Karpov, Senka Burdukov, Ivashka Lobanov, Davydka Bykov, Minka Pokhomov, Ondryushka Zakharov, foreman Vaska Shurinin, Ortemka Kushnerev, Fedka Grigoriev, Ofonka Kirpichev, Rodka Poltev, Bogdashka Ozarov, Zhadka Filipov, Fedka Prosvetkin, Ivashka Shurinin, foreman Grisha Merzlyukin, Ivashka Loginov, Ivashka Serpukhovitin, Tishka Dutovo, Bogdashka Onanin, Mitka Larin, Vaska Romanov, Savka Poltev, Izmailik Kostin, Fedka Maslenikov, foreman Bogdashka Gorbunov, Yakushka Koluzheninov, Kireika Myagkovo, Mitka Ostapov, Bogdashka Yurakov, Petrushka Visogor, Senka Milkov, Bogdashka Vodostoev. The geographical nicknames of some Cossacks are striking: Kaluzheninov, Meshchaninov, Serpukhovitin. There is no information about the number and origin of the Novgorod-Seversk Cossacks of the early 17th century, but there is no doubt that the local Cossack contingent was formed from people from southern and central Russia. A little later, the niche of the Russian Cossacks of Novgorod-Seversky (transferred to the Seversk cities) was occupied by the Cherkassy.

Oskol Cossacks have appeared on the historical scene since the 1570s. In those years, after official approval, the guard and stanitsa service was just being deployed; the so-called Oskol River was built. Ust-Ublinsky fort. Military men alternately served in it - boyar children and Cossacks from Dedilov, Dankov, Krapivna, Novosil, etc.

Most likely, some local population groups of Pooskolye, like the Putivl Sevryuks, were called “Oskol Cossacks”. The latter are present in scribe books for [Stary] Oskol until the 1640s. It is interesting that stellate sturgeons are not noted in the census sources of that time as landowners. So, for example, in the scribe book of 1643, when describing the lands of the monastery of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (located on the Kholkovo settlement), a certain fishing site for the sturgeon fish of Ageika Golenishchev was noted: “along the river along Oskol to the stellate sturgeon hut to Ageikov Bayarak Golenishchev three miles”. That is, Agey Golenishchev had some kind of latrine business here...

During the construction of the city of Tsarev-Borisov in the Wild Field, which took place in 1599, local governors tried in every possible way to attract Donetsk Cossacks living on the banks of the Seversky Donets to guard and stanitsa services. The Cossacks were promised to retain their fishing grounds upon entering the civil service. Most likely, a certain number of Donetsk Cossacks entered service in the new Ukrainian cities: Belgorod, Oskol and Kursk; in the order of 1589 to the Putivite A. Zinoviev there is a mention of the free Cossacks of the Sem River (Seim).

Cherkasy also lived on the Seversky Donets: in 1588, 700 Ukrainian Cossacks with ataman Matvey Fedorov settled on its banks and performed guard duty. Speaking about the Donetsk Cossacks, one cannot fail to mention one moderately well-known character from among the Belgorod residents - the sturgeon Zhadka Gorbun (in a number of sources called Zhaden, Zhdanka). Zhdanka is interesting because in the period from 1620 to 1640 he managed to be in several social forms: a merchant, a walking man, a sturgeon and a Donetsk Cossack. In the scribe book for the Belgorod district of 1625/26, the Hunchback’s courtyard is recorded in the settlement of merchants and artisans who paid rent to the sovereign’s treasury. Later, during the Cherkassy attack on Belgorod in the spring of 1633, Zhadka Gorbun “surfaces” as a Donetsk Cossack, and attested in the role of the Cossack initial person (always indicated at the very beginning of the list).

For the third time, Zhadka the Hunchback was recorded as a sturgeon - a walking person (i.e., not belonging to any class community). The essence of the matter is this. On December 2, 1639, the local Cherkassy centurion Gavrila Gavronsky brought the peasant of the St. Nicholas Monastery, Mikitka Malyutin, to the retreat house of the city of Chuguev. The centurion claimed that he somehow found out that Malyutin had stolen two tubs of honey from him. During the interrogation, Mikitka Malyutin said that he bought this honey from the sturgeon Zhadka the Hunchback. After Zhadka was detained, under torture it was found out that he personally visited the centurion Gavronsky on November 29 “I tore out fifty hives of bees in the bee farm.” The Belgorod walking man Ivashka Krasheninnik was also mentioned, who bought 15 pounds of stolen honey from Zhadka in the fishing grounds of Gorbun on the Seversky Donets. As the investigation progressed, it was established that Krasheninnik and Malyutin were accomplices of the Hunchback. The Chuguev administration requested that Krasheninnik be expelled from Belgorod for detective work, but the latter did not show up. Gavrila Gavronsky was strictly forbidden to carry out personal reprisals. After torture, Zhadka the Hunchback died of scurvy, Krasheninnik was detained in Belgorod. The result of the matter was the decision to “adjust” Malyutin, Krasheninnik, the widow and children of Zhadka the Hunchback for a ruble for 50 beehives. Thus, as we see from the incident, the Donetsk Cossacks consisted partly of local stellate sturgeons, having on-board fishing as one of their economic activities.

“Kamarichi, was a suburb of Sevskaya, near which Cossacks formerly lived, but Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, partly from them recruited and partly from other cities, soldiers of the Shepelev division settled 8 regiments, many of which under Peter the Great became soldiers and dragoons of the army, and when they were put into the capitation salary, the gentlemen received most of them as rewards, and now less than half of them remain state-owned" - wrote V.N. Tatishchev.

In the present case, by “Cossacks” the historian meant certain free “non-tax” people who populated the Komaritsa volost in the 17th century. Moreover, in the Komaritsa volost of the first half of the 17th century there are still references to local sturgeon. As a rule, these are its northern regions, the villages: Snytkino, Klinskoye, Trostnaya, Luboshevo, Litovnya, Lugan, Ivanovskaya, Shemyakino, Dubrovka, Grimovna.

Some Komaritsky sturgeons imprinted in their surnames the nickname of the former Seversk appanage prince Vasily Shemyaki (Shemyachich)- Shenyakovs (aka Shemyakovs, Shevyakovs) -: "Komaritsky volosts stellate sturgeon" Persha Shemyakov was given possession from the sovereign treasury of the village of Litovniki and the village of Sytichi - "for service from... the sovereign's palace Komaritsa volosts." When P. Shemyakov died, the village was owned by his sons, Savva and Vasily, who served in the town of Pereslavl-Zalessky outside Moscow. In addition, the Shemyakovs can also be found among the free, willing people of the Komaritsa volost, who went to the Don in 1646 to help the Cossack army.

Were Shemyakovs and in the Belgorod region. So, in the handout book of Khotmyzhsk 1640-42 you can meet a certain Foma Grigoriev Shenyakov, who in the “skask” about his and his father’s service gives interesting details - “He served in Belgorod in the self-propelled army, and his father lived in the Komaritsa volost. In the sovereign service in Khotmyzhsk from 148 (1640). In service he is on a gelding with a spear and a long arquebus.” But let's get back to the heart of the matter. In 1633, 600 so-called Danish Cossacks, taken from the 5th and 10th households (depending on the situation), were recruited from the Komaritsa datochny peasants to strengthen Sevsk during a possible siege. The datochny Cossacks were supposed to be armed with a arquebus, a spear and an ax. Service in the Sevsky prison was for them “according to ... the peasant line”“weekly”, then the garrison was replenished with a new batch of datniks, recruited according to the same scheme, in addition to everything “without help”. In addition, the Cossack garrison of Sevsk consisted of former Novgorod-Seversk soldiers and palace peasants recruited into permanent Cossack service. Datochny Cossacks participated in the so-called. “Northern Campaign” near Trubchevsk, occupied by the Lithuanians and a punitive expedition near the Cherkassy city of Borzna. The combat effectiveness of the Danish Cossacks was much lower than that of the garrison servicemen. There is a known case when the Sevsky governor Grigory Pushkin (on the occasion of the news of the arrival of Cherkas near Putivl) failed to collect the Danish Cossacks from two camps of the Komaritsa volost: “ and the Komaritskys, sir, the peasants of the volosts of the Brasovsky and Glodnevsky camp did not listen, the peasants themselves did not give the Cossacks to Sevesk, and the peasants themselves did not go to the siege of the Brasovsky and Glodnevsky and Radogozhsky camp in Sevesk.”. At the end of the Smolensk War, the datka Cossacks were returned to the category of palace peasants, some of them, however, received the sovereign's salary: “2 rubles and good cloth”.

This is a brief history of the Cossacks of Severshchina. As we see, there is a symbiosis of several ethnic and social formations - a free “non-draft” population that came to the southern Russian steppes, in all likelihood partly mixed with the remnants of the ancient north.

V.P. Zagorovsky The history of the entry of the central black earth into the Russian state in the 16th century. Voronezh, 1991, p. 110

About the Cossacks of Seversk, Oskol, Donetsk, Komaritsa and others. In the framework of this short article, we will include in the concept of “Seversk Cossacks” all possible groups of Cossacks of the territory of the Seversk land, recorded in historical sources in the waters of the Dnieper basin: Oskol, Donetsk, Putivl, Rylsk, Komaritsky and others. The “Northern Cossacks” can be divided into two specific formations: free and service. We will try to briefly present both of these communities in different local guises in this article. So, among other things, in 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf wrote to Ivan the Terrible about the attacks on the Don on the Nogais carried out by stellate sturgeon. There is a doubt that the Seversk Cossacks had some kind of unified ethnic nature (if there was such a thing at all in the 16th-17th centuries). The free Cossacks of the Seversk land, especially Donetsk and Oskol, were bands of the southern Russian militarized population, probably partially connected with the remnants of the ancient “north” and were an alternative branch of the Cossacks as such. Sometimes it was not connected with any serious relations, for example, with the Don Cossacks - there were only isolated migrations of stellate sturgeons to the Don. At the very least, it is unlikely that this has acquired any mass character; most likely the stellate sturgeon were more active “on the ground”, on the territory of the Severshchina. So, among other things, in 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf wrote to Ivan the Terrible about the attacks on the Don on the Nogais carried out by stellate sturgeon. It is possible that the Seversky Cossacks and small groups of Tatars will fall into the environment. It is likely that the Seversk Cossacks were replenished by Don Cossacks and Cherkassy - but to what extent is difficult to judge. We will not dwell closely on this topic and will leave it for introduction into circulation by new researchers. “... having the pleasure of living with Putivl and being servants with their wives...” One of the initial pages of the chronicle of the Seversky Cossacks, in our opinion, should be considered the episode of recruiting the so-called Azov Cossacks into the service by Moscow Prince Vasily III, who were settled near Putivl “...with their wives, they decided to live near Putivl and be servants...”. This happened, apparently, between 1515 and 1520. According to the assumption of the famous researcher of the Don Cossacks E.P. Savelyev, it was these Putivl Cossacks who gave the basis for the service contingent of the guard and stanitsa service in this corner of the Seversk land, securing for themselves the name “Sevryuks”. Here E.P. Savelyev makes an obvious mistake, giving his reasoning the color of some kind of historical romance. In our opinion, it is absolutely impossible to identify the former Azov natives with the Stellate Sturgeon and here’s why. As is known, in the instructions of 1571, compiled by Prince M.I. Vorotynsky together with the guard Cossacks and villagers, who knew their areas of the Wild Field perfectly well, a regulation was established on the removal from service of the Putivl sturgeons, who served not from estates, but for hire and poorly performing their duties. A.G. Slyusarsky believed that the peculiarity of the unpreparedness of the stellate sturgeon for guard duty was that the main means of subsistence of this group of the Severshchina population was precisely the fishing economy, which dominated military affairs. The last statement, which certainly has a real basis, goes a little against the fact that the Sevryuks were undoubtedly a border community, where knowledge of the basics of military affairs was a prerequisite for their existence and survival during the time of “incessant” Tatar “arrivals”. In fact, it would be more correct to note that the stellate sturgeon skillfully combined fishing and economic activity with knowledge of military affairs, with the prevailing role of the former. Returning to the opinion of E.P. Savelyev, we emphasize that the historian of the Don Cossacks was certainly right that the Azov people formed a certain backbone for the guard Cossacks and village residents of Putivl. The Nikon Chronicle reports that the Novgorod-Seversky principality was inhabited by the so-called Seversky or Ukrainian Cossacks, called “Sevryuks,” who were found in many cities, such as: Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Starodub, Rylsk, Putivl, etc. Let’s talk more about this - less detailed. Information about the Cossacks in Rylsk begins to actively “flicker” in historical reports starting from the 1530s. The first person from among the Rylsk Cossacks was Ivan Kokhonin, noted in the charter of Grand Duke Vasily III in Karachev: “our governor wrote to me from Novagorodok and Seversky..., and our governor Vasily Sergeev wrote to him from Rylsk: he came to him from the field of Rylsk Cossack Ivan Kokhonin with his comrade, and brought with him his wife Polonyanka Karachevsky full ... ". That is, even then the guard and stanitsa services in Rylsky (as well as in neighboring Putivlsky) districts acquired an active stage of their existence. So, for example, in 1522, the Russian ambassador Tretyak Gubin reported in his report about two Putivl Cossacks - Fedka and Uvar, who went on guard duty to the Vorskla River. In 1541, Prince Ivan Fedorovich Belsky, concerned about the next activity of the Tatars in the southern Russian steppes, sent a messenger from the capital to Putivl. The governor of this city, Fyodor Pleshcheev, was entrusted with sending a stanitsa patrol to the steppe under the leadership of Gavrila Tolmach. The task of the village detachment was reconnaissance in the steppe, monitoring the Tatars and identifying their numbers. Tolmach's village discovered the Tatars on the Seversky Donets River, after which Gavrila himself had to hastily ride with the news through Rylsk to Moscow. A little later, the news about the Tatars was brought to Moscow by another village resident, Alexey Kutukov. The fears of the Moscow authorities were not in vain: in March 1542, a large Tatar detachment of Tsarevich Amin was already destroying the outskirts of Putivl. V.P. Zagorovsky believes that the stanitsa service in the Putivl district (as well as in Rylsky) acquired regular features in 1550-51, 20 years before its all-Russian establishment. At this time, the situation on the southern borders of Muscovy was most tense - Ivan the Terrible personally went with his regiments to the “coastline” - near Ryazan and Kolomna. In 1555, the village of Lavrentiy Koltovsky tracked down the Tatars on the Obyshkin transport through the Seversky Donets. The messenger Bogdan Nikiforov was immediately sent to Putivl and Moscow with the village leader Shemyatka (a guide, an expert on the area who was stationed at the village). L. Koltovsky’s reply stated that about twenty thousand Tatars were crossing the stile. City Cossacks also served in Starodub - another city in the Severshchina, then still in Moscow - we will touch on this period superficially. The replenishment of the staff of the Starodub Cossacks came from volunteers - free, willing people, apparently not always “from the locals”. So, for example, among the immigrants in 1632 from the Lithuanian Starodub to Sevsk - Cossacks, Sevryuks, arable peasants and gunners, the lists included Cossacks under the geographical nicknames Pskovitin and Kozlitin - Borka Pskovitin and Pavlik Pskovitin. Unfortunately, we have extremely limited sources on the personnel of the Starodub Cossacks of Moscow Starodub. A small exception are the questioning speeches of the archers, Cossacks, nobles, children of the boyars, gunners, and Starodub Seversky’s fighters, compiled on the occasion of the alleged relations of servicemen with Lithuanian people. These lists contain the following surnames: Chemesov, Podlinev, Sedelnikov, Serkov (later a well-known Cossack white-local surname in Karachev), Boyarkin, Roev, Shipov, Osavtsov, Rozhnov, Lomakin, Poteryaishin, Nakhodkin, Ostroglyadov(ets), Lashin. Almost all of the above names are found in the cities to which the military people of Starodub were resettled after it was abandoned to Poland. Let's talk briefly about recruiting willing people into the service. In the decree of 1589 from Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, head Afanasy Fedorovich Zinoviev was instructed to gather for service in Putivl the children of the boyars, archers, gunners, zatinshchiki, Cherkassy, ​​verstanny and so-called “hunting” Cossacks. Zinoviev was ordered to distribute salaries to servicemen and newly recruited people and to march on the Seversky Donets and Oskol rivers against the Belgorod Tatars and Cherkasy. The military men were brought to the gathering place from Chernigov, Rylsk and Starodub. The Putivl heads - Ivan Kireev and Yuri Bezzubtsev were supposed to take away 102 people of the "hot Cossacks", in Rylsk Ivan Nikolnikov and Yan Bobrovsky - 50, in Starodub Fyodor Shchegolev and Yakush Lysy - 125 people. The salary of the Seversk willing Cossacks was “two rubles each”; new servicemen were required to report for duty “like two horses or two geldings.” However, neither in Putivl nor in Rylsk the heads were able to take away a single person; the old man Fyodor Shchegolev turned out to be more successful and brought only five willing Cossacks, and even those “one horse each.” As the decree further reports, initially in Starodub Shchegolev gathered 25 free people, but the money determined as a salary for the Cossacks was “expropriated” by a certain Pyotr Sovin. True, then these funds were nevertheless sent to Putivl to “collect” the willing Cossacks - “... the money was ordered... to be sent to Putivl and with that money it was ordered to collect the willing Cossacks, as many as possible, not according to the decree, how many were ordered to be collected, according to looking at the money. And the salary was ordered to be given to three rubles per person, and those Cossacks would have about two horses or two geldings, but in captivity they had two or three horses.” A similar situation, but a little more successful, was repeated in 1632 during the Smolensk War - Ivan Eropkin was tasked with tidying up in the northern cities of Rylsk, Sevsk with the Komaritskaya volost and Putivl the eager “all sorts of unwritten people” with arquebuses numbering 500 people into Cossacks with an appointed sovereign salary 4 rubles a year, plus potion and lead. Non-literate people meant non-tax workers, non-servants and non-serfs. For this purpose, nobles and clerks were sent to the designated cities, so that the local governors would release everyone. Of course, it was not possible to fully staff the staff of willing Cossacks: “both the Seversky, sir, cities, and the Kamaritsky volost of willing people did not write into the Cossacks and did not tidy up the service.” In the Rank Books of 1618, in the garrison of the city of Rylsk, according to estimates, there were 100 Starodub Cossacks, along with 117 boyar children, 26 gunners and fighters, 200 archers. These are the service people who were resettled after the Deulin truce to other Seversk cities. After the construction of the Sevsky fort in the Komaritsa volost in 1620, some of the military men of Starodub were brought there. The Cossacks of Trubchevsk distinguished themselves in the campaign against the army of False Dmitry I and the Poles in the fall of 1604 near Novgorod-Seversky. They, numbering 74 people, were given the sovereign's salary: “according to the cloth, four arshins of cloth and two rubles of money per person.” So the salary received: Sotsky Efremka Kisly, Pentecostal Strashka Kozintsov, Yakimka Yakovlev, Yakushka Netrekhov, Ofonka Bocharov, Ignatka Okatov, Ofonka Yurakov, Loginka Markov, Ivashka Golovachov, Ileyka Lyakhov, Mishka Demidov, Ivashka Yakovlev, Lukyanka Ontipin, Aniska Fedorov, Ovdyushka Ignatov , Fedoska Grigoriev, foreman Ivashka Samoilov, Ovdokimko Ivanov, Savka Mikulin, Troshka Ivanov, Kireyka Mikulin, Vaska Pakhomov, Zhadenka Ivanov, Vaska Ortemov, Zhdanka Ivanov, Vaska Ilyin, Grishka Davydov, Minka Ivanov, Gavrilka Ogafonov, Ivashka Yankov, Meleshka Yakovlev, Levka Fedorov, Deniska Ovdeev, Pakhomka Fedorov, Timoshka Fedorov, foreman Ivashka Skomorokhov, Ostapka Ivanov, Vaska Ivanov, Gorasimka, Ondreev, Ivashka Fedorov, Anikonka Yakovlev, Mitka Maximov, Ondryushka Golobushin, foreman Danilka Fedorov, Ostapka Krokhin, Mikiforka Grigoriev, Tereshka Lev onov Senka Omelianov, Vaska Ilyin, Savka Gavrilov, Oleshka whispered, Ivashka Ovideev, Ondryushka Shipukha, Ivashka Ondreyev, Ivashka Ivanov, Boriska Fedorov, Ivashka Letyagin, Vasima Yakovlev, Maxima Naumov, ONTOKA GRADYAEV, NEKASHY YEREMEEV, Grishka Smiryakin, Ivashka Yershov, Ivashka, Ivashka, Ivashka. Vaska Borisov, Ondryushka Petrov, Ondryushka Gonchar, Shestachka Usotsky, Simashka Makarov, foreman Volodka Ivanov, Loginka Ivanov, Stepanka Gridin, Kuzemka Frolov, Stepanka Ontonov, Oleshka Khrenov. There is no data on the number or origin of the Trubchev Cossacks of the early 17th century. In the same campaign, 76 Cossacks from the city of Novgorod-Seversky, led by the Pentecostal Grisha Kostin, took part, such as: Tishka Putin, Osipka Shevernin, Yakushka Milkov, Oleshka Minin, Vaska Maltsov, Mitya Sofonov, Ontonka Zaitsov, foreman Login Rodyukin, Bogdashka Kortavoy, Selyushka Fateev, Ofonka Kuznets, Matyushka Maltsov, Grishka Putin, Kornilka Kuznetsov, Larka Igumnov, Ivashka Sokurov, Ivashka Shishik, Grishka Savin, Gulyayka Plokhovo, Zamyatenka Naumov, Fedka Ondreev, Savka Pravdin, foreman Yudka Sergeev, Pashka Grechishnikov, Senka Korostelev, Danilka Kortsov, Babarik Frolov, Yakushka Ososkov, Ivashka Penkovets, Petrushka Plokhovo, Gavrilka Martyanov, Mishka Teleshov, Ondryushka Pasnovets, Vaska Erin, Minka Meshchaninov, Tishka Ulyanov, Ondryushka Konoplin, Mitka Sheplin, Danilka Borbota, Ivashka Rubtsov, foreman Mikiforka Lukin, Ivanka Glumov , Ondryushka Mikhailov, Mishka Mikiforov, Ivashka Shakhov, Mikhalka Erin, Myakotka Kozhevnikov, Bogdashka Topin, Grishka Filipov, Kucha Naumov, Pentecostal Fedor Sabelnikov, Filipka Gavrilov, Petrusha Maltsov, Maksimka Maltsov, Stepanka Dutovo, Fedka Denisov, Ondryushka Chemigov, Kuzemka Dudin, Fochka Nikonov, Stepanka Vodostoev, foreman Yakushka Ostrovsky, Ontoshka Ovdeev, Grishka Moseev, Ivashka Prudnikov, Moseyka Zakharov, Savka Glumov, Stepanka Vlasov, Fedka Pravdin, Larka Lukhtanov, foreman Ivanka Karpov, Senka Burdukov, Ivashka Lobanov, Davydka Bykov, Minka Pokhomov, Ondryushka Zakharov, foreman Vaska Shurinin, Ortemka Kushnerev, Fedka Grigoriev, Ofonka Kirpichev, Rodka Poltev, Bogdashka Ozarov, Zhadka Filipov, Fedka Prosvetkin, Ivashka Shurinin, foreman Grisha Merzlyukin, Ivashka Loginov, Ivashka Serpukhovitin, Tishka Dutovo, Bogdashka Onanin, Mitka Larin, Vaska Romanov, Savka Poltev, Izmailik Kostin, Fedka Maslenikov, foreman Bogdashka Gorbunov, Yakushka Koluzheninov, Kireika Myagkovo, Mitka Ostapov, Bogdashka Yurakov, Petrushka Visogor, Senka Milkov, Bogdashka Vodostoev. The geographical nicknames of some Cossacks are striking: Kaluzheninov, Meshchaninov, Serpukhovitin. There is no information about the number and origin of the Novgorod-Seversk Cossacks of the early 17th century, but there is no doubt that the local Cossack contingent was formed from people from southern and central Russia. A little later, the niche of the Russian Cossacks of Novgorod-Seversky (transferred to the Seversk cities) was occupied by the Cherkassy. Oskol Cossacks have appeared on the historical scene since the 1570s. In those years, after official approval, the guard and stanitsa service was just being deployed; the so-called Oskol River was built. Ust-Ublinsky fort. It was alternately served by military men - boyar children and Cossacks from Dedilov, Dankov, Krapivna, Novosil, etc. Most likely, some local population groups of Pooskolye, like the Putivl Sevryuks, were called “Oskol Cossacks”. The latter are present in scribe books for [Stary] Oskol until the 1640s. It is interesting that stellate sturgeons are not noted in the census sources of that time as landowners. So, for example, in a scribe’s book of 1643, when describing the lands of the monastery of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (which is on the Kholkov settlement), a certain industrial construction of the sturgeon farm of Ageika Golenishchev is noted: “along the river along Oskol to the sturgeon hut to the Ageikov bayarak of Golenishchev, three miles.” That is, Agey Golenishchev had some kind of latrine trade here... During the construction of the city of Tsarev-Borisov in the Wild Field, which happened in 1599, local governors tried in every possible way to attract Donetsk Cossacks living on the banks of the Seversky Donets to guard and stanitsa services. The Cossacks were promised to retain their fishing grounds upon entering the civil service. Most likely, a certain number of Donetsk Cossacks entered service in the new Ukrainian cities: Belgorod, Oskol and Kursk; in the order of 1589 to the Putivite A. Zinoviev there is a mention of the free Cossacks of the Sem River (Seim). Cherkasy also lived on the Seversky Donets: in 1588, 700 Ukrainian Cossacks with ataman Matvey Fedorov settled on its banks and performed guard duty. Speaking about the Donetsk Cossacks, one cannot fail to mention one moderately well-known character from among the Belgorod residents - the sturgeon Zhadka Gorbun (in a number of sources called Zhaden, Zhdanka). Zhdanka is interesting because in the period from 1620 to 1640 he managed to be in several social forms: a merchant, a walking man, a sturgeon and a Donetsk Cossack. In the scribe book for the Belgorod district of 1625/26, the Hunchback’s courtyard is recorded in the settlement of merchants and artisans who paid rent to the sovereign’s treasury. Later, during the Cherkassy attack on Belgorod in the spring of 1633, Zhadka Gorbun “surfaces” as a Donetsk Cossack, and attested in the role of the Cossack initial person (always indicated at the very beginning of the list). For the third time, Zhadka the Hunchback was recorded as a sturgeon - a walking person (i.e., not belonging to any class community). The essence of the matter is this. On December 2, 1639, the local Cherkassy centurion Gavrila Gavronsky brought the peasant of the St. Nicholas Monastery, Mikitka Malyutin, to the retreat house of the city of Chuguev. The centurion claimed that he somehow found out that Malyutin had stolen two tubs of honey from him. During the interrogation, Mikitka Malyutin said that he bought this honey from the sturgeon Zhadka the Hunchback. After Zhadka was detained, under torture it was found out that on November 29 he personally “torn out fifty hives of bees from the centurion Gavronsky.” The Belgorod walking man Ivashka Krasheninnik was also mentioned, who bought 15 pounds of stolen honey from Zhadka in the fishing grounds of Gorbun on the Seversky Donets. As the investigation progressed, it was established that Krasheninnik and Malyutin were accomplices of the Hunchback. The Chuguev administration requested that Krasheninnik be expelled from Belgorod for detective work, but the latter did not show up. Gavrila Gavronsky was strictly forbidden to carry out personal reprisals. After torture, Zhadka the Hunchback died of scurvy, Krasheninnik was detained in Belgorod. The result of the matter was the decision to “adjust” Malyutin, Krasheninnik, the widow and children of Zhadka the Hunchback for a ruble for 50 beehives. Thus, as we see from the incident, the Donetsk Cossacks consisted partly of local stellate sturgeons, having on-board fishing as one of their economic activities. “Kamarichi, was a suburb of Sevskaya, near which Cossacks formerly lived, but Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, partly from them recruited and partly from other cities, soldiers of the Shepelev division settled 8 regiments, many of which under Peter the Great became soldiers and dragoons of the army, and when they were put into the capitation salary, the gentlemen received most of them as rewards, and now less than half of them remain state-owned,” wrote V.N. Tatishchev. In the present case, by “Cossacks” the historian meant certain free “non-tax” people who populated the Komaritsa volost in the 17th century. Moreover, in the Komaritsa volost of the first half of the 17th century there are still references to local sturgeon. As a rule, these are its northern regions, the villages: Snytkino, Klinskoye, Trostnaya, Luboshevo, Litovnya, Lugan, Ivanovskaya, Shemyakino, Dubrovka, Grimovna. Some Komaritsa sevryuks imprinted in their surnames the nickname of the former Seversk appanage prince Vasily Shemyaki (Shemyachich) - Shenyakovs (aka Shemyakovs, Shevyakovs) - “Komaritsky volosts sevryuks” Pershe Shemyakov was given possession from the sovereign treasury of the village of Litovniki and the village of Sytichi - “for service from ... the sovereign's palace Komaritsa volosts." When P. Shemyakov died, the village was owned by his sons, Savva and Vasily, who served in the town of Pereslavl-Zalessky outside Moscow. In addition, the Shemyakovs can also be found among the free, willing people of the Komaritsa volost, who went to the Don in 1646 to help the Cossack army. There were Shemyakovs in the Belgorod region. Thus, in the handout book of Khotmyzhsk from 1640-42 you can meet a certain Foma Grigoriev Shenyakov, who in the “skap” about his and his father’s service provides interesting details - “he served in Belgorod in self-propelled guns, and his father lived in the Komaritsa volost. In the sovereign service in Khotmyzhsk from 148 (1640). In service he is on a gelding with a spear and a long arquebus.” But let's get back to the heart of the matter. In 1633, 600 so-called Danish Cossacks, taken from the 5th and 10th households (depending on the situation), were recruited from the Komaritsa datochny peasants to strengthen Sevsk during a possible siege. The datochny Cossacks were supposed to be armed with a arquebus, a spear and an ax. Service in the Sevsky fortress for them was “according to ... the peasant queue” “weekly”, then the garrison was replenished by a new batch of datochny, recruited according to the same scheme, in addition to everything “without assignment”. In addition, the Cossack garrison of Sevsk consisted of former Novgorod-Seversk soldiers and palace peasants recruited into permanent Cossack service. Datochny Cossacks participated in the so-called. “Northern Campaign” near Trubchevsk, occupied by the Lithuanians and a punitive expedition near the Cherkassy city of Borzna. The combat effectiveness of the Danish Cossacks was much lower than that of the garrison servicemen. There is a known case when the Sevsk governor Grigory Pushkin (on the occasion of the news of the arrival of Cherkas near Putivl) failed to gather dat Cossacks from two camps of the Komaritsky volost: “and the Komaritsky, sir, the peasants of the Brasovsky and Glodnevsky volosts did not listen to the camp, they did not give dat Cossacks to Sevesk and The peasants of the Brasavsky and Glodnevsky and Radogozhsky camps themselves did not go to Sevesk during the siege.” At the end of the Smolensk War, the datka Cossacks were returned to the category of palace peasants, some of them, however, received the sovereign's salary: “2 rubles and good cloth.” This is a brief history of the Cossacks of Severshchina. As we see, there is a symbiosis of several ethnic and social formations - a free “non-draft” population that came to the southern Russian steppes, in all likelihood partly mixed with the remnants of the ancient north.

Topic: Formation of a centralized Moscow state and strengthening of its southwestern borders (XV - XVI centuries).

Plan

1. From the Grand Duchy to the Moscow Kingdom.

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3. “Holy Mountains” is the first permanent settlement in the Donetsk region.

From the Grand Duchy to the Moscow Kingdom.

Turn of the XIII–XIV centuries. - a difficult period in Russian history. The Russian lands were terribly devastated by Batu. The Horde's raids did not stop. The country was divided into many specific principalities. Among the new independent principalities that arose after the Mongol-Tatar invasion were Tver (from 1246) and Moscow (from 1276).
Already in the 14th century. The Moscow principality led the unification process, and by the second half of the 15th century. Moscow became the capital of a powerful state.
The formation of the Great Russian nationality was also completed. She had to fight for her existence in the east, south and west. She was looking for a political center around which she could gather her forces for a difficult fight against her opponents. Moscow became such a center.

In 1480, with Ivan III(1462-1505) the yoke of the Golden Horde was finally overthrown. In 1476, the Moscow prince refused to obey the Horde khan. In the summer of 1480, the Horde Khan Akhmat set out on a campaign against Rus'. The Horde army met with the main forces of the Russians on the Ugra River (a tributary of the Oka). Not daring to give a big battle, Akhmat withdrew his troops. Thus, Rus' was freed from Tatar-Mongol rule that lasted 240 years. Since the foreign yoke was eliminated without a major battle or military campaign, the events of the autumn of 1480 went down in history as the “stand on the Ugra”. At the very beginning of the 16th century, the Golden Horde finally ceased to exist.

After this, the Moscow Principality was able to complete the process of unification of Russian lands. Thus, during the reign of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, the territorial core of a unified Russian state was formed, and the formation of its apparatus (Boyar Duma) began. The local government system was liquidated everywhere and Moscow governors (feeders) were installed, and the institution of localism was finally formed.

The most important event was the annexation of Novgorod. In 1471, Ivan III led a campaign against Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on the Shelon River. The Novgorod militia was defeated. Novgorod was finally annexed to Moscow in 1478, and the veche tradition was eliminated. In 1489, the Vyatka lands became part of the Moscow principality, in 1510 Pskov was annexed, in 1514 - Smolensk, in 1521 - the Ryazan principality. The largest country in Europe was formed, which from the end of the 15th century. called Muscovy or Moscow Russia.

At the very beginning of the 16th century (1500-1503), the Chernigov-Starodub and Novgorod-Seversk principalities with Rylsk and Putivl submitted to the Moscow prince. The borders of Russia approached the lower reaches of the Desna and the middle reaches of the Seversky Donets. Since then, the settlement of the territory, which later became known as Sloboda Ukraine, began.

However, hordes of Crimean Tatars and Nogais roamed the territory of what is now Donbass for a long time. The Crimean Khanate remained a dangerous hotbed of aggression. Since 1480, for almost 50 years in a row, hordes of Crimean Tatars invaded the Ukrainian lands. The feudal lords of the Crimean Khanate sought to seize rich booty, captives for sale into slavery, forced the population to pay them tribute, burned and ravaged the cities and villages of Russia and Ukraine.

Having become a vassal of Turkey in 1475, the Crimean Khanate constantly participated in the Russian-Turkish wars on the side of Turkey. The Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks waged a courageous fight against the Crimean Khanate.

At the end of the 16th century, the southern border of the Russian state ran along the Sosna River. Its right bank was not inhabited. From here to the south, all the way to the Sea of ​​Azov, the Wild Field stretched. The Crimean Khan had such a custom. They brought the young heir here and showed him to the other side of the river: there are your enemies. This is how he was pitted against the Russians from childhood.

The settlement of the Wild Field proceeded slowly, in a stubborn struggle with the nomads. To advance south, the Russian state relied on a system of defensive structures called serif lines, or serif lines. They received particular development in the 16th-18th centuries. In 1556, the construction of the Great Zasechnaya Line was completed. At the end of the 30s and 40s of the 17th century, the Belgorod Line was built. To the south of it, in the 80s of the same century, the Izyum serif line was built. They blocked the main routes along which the Tatars raided the central regions of the country - the Muravsky, Izyumsky and Kalmiussky roads (sakmas), coming from the Crimea, and the Nogai road, which came from the Kuban region. In addition to these main routes, the nomads used paths along small rivers, where they advanced in small groups. The Donets was a serious water barrier for them. The Tatars overcame it in certain places known to them by fording. Many Tatar fords, climbs, and transports were known on the Donets. The “Book of the Big Drawing” indicated 11 transportations through the Donets. Within the present Donbass, between the mouths of the Tora and Zherebets rivers, there was a large transport, 15 versts south of the mouth of the river. Bakhmut - Borovskaya transportation, south of the river. Lugan - Tatar. The “Book of the Big Drawing” traces many of the paths along which the Tatars and Nogais passed. The chapter “Painting Izyum roads” says: “And on the right side of the Kalmiyu road there are the upper rivers of Voluyki. And having passed the upper rivers of Voluyki, the Polatova River and the Polatovka River, and Polatova fell into Polatova, and Polatova fell into Voluika above the city of Voluika about 6 versts. And from Polatova and from Polatavka on the right side The Kalmiyu road is the Uraeva river and the Urazova river. And from the Uraeva and from the Urazovaya to the upper reaches of the Krasnaya river and to the Borovaya river, and the Krasnaya and Borovaya rivers are on the right side of the Kalmiyu road, and both fell to the Donets - Krasnaya below the city of Tsarev about half 60 versts, and Borovaya is below Krasnaya versts from 10. And go to Donets Seversky down Borovaya, and Donets goes below Borovaya, versts from 2. And the Donets goes to the Crimean side, go to Belaya Kolodez A from White Well up to the Krynka River from A. the Krynka river up to the Miyusu river." The chapter “Painting of the Donets River and rivers and wells, which rivers and wells fell into the Donets River from the Crimean and Nogai sides; and on the Donets there are Tatar transports and climbs in which the Tatars come to Rus'” also deserves attention. It says: “And below the Toru, about 30 versts, the Bakhmutova River fell into the Donets. And below Bakhmutova, about 15 versts, on the Donets, the Borovskaya transportation on the Kalmiyu road. And below the Borovsky transportation from the Crimean side, the Bely Kolodez fell into the Donets, from the transportation of 2 versts. And below the White Well there is another White Well about 10 versts, and above it is Savin Kurgan. And from the Lower White Well to Lugan, to Nizhnie Rozsoshi, about 50 versts. And below Lugani the Maloy Luganchik River fell into the Donets, from Lugan about 5 versts.

How did the process of centralization of power take place in the Moscow state? In Europe, the victory of centralization and state citizenship of the population guaranteed the main classes the preservation of their rights and privileges. In Rus', this transition resulted in an increase in their dependence on the supreme power. Not only individual people, but also the population of entire cities turned into grand ducal slaves. Unlike Europe, the status of a city dweller did not make a person free.

It is necessary to note the objective prerequisites for this. The center of Russian statehood became the lands located in the zone of risky agriculture. Low harvests and chronic years of famine forced the majority of the population to engage in agriculture and slowed down the process of separation of crafts from agriculture. Cities and the trade and craft population lacked economic, political power and influence. The cities of Muscovite Rus' were largely administrative and political centers, residences of princes and boyars. This left its mark on the entire subsequent history of Russia. Until the middle of the 19th century. Urban residents did not exceed 10% of the country's population. Under these conditions, the cities submitted to the claims of the princes. At the same time, the townspeople hoped that, with the help of strong state power, political instability and the arbitrariness of appanage princes would be eliminated. In addition, support for the emerging autocracy was due to patriotic feelings: the victory of the Russian army on the Kulikovo Field (1380).

These factors, together with the constant process of colonization of new territories, the grueling struggle with steppe nomads, Byzantine political traditions and Orthodoxy gave rise to a special type of statehood in Russia - autocracy, and determined the specificity of property relations (weakness of the institution of private property in general, traditions of state intervention in the economic life of society , collectivist (communal) forms of peasant ownership of land, left their mark on the Russian national character.

Ivan III, who accepted the title of Grand Duke of “All Rus'” (sometimes he was called “sovereign” and even “tsar”), led the way towards the elimination of the appanage system - a powerful counterweight to autocratic despotism. Ivan III no longer shared power with other appanage princes. He took away inheritances from his brothers and limited their rights, demanding that they submit to him as a sovereign. These changes affected palace life. A magnificent palace ceremony was developed. As a symbol of the establishment of autocracy of the Moscow sovereigns, special signs of grand-ducal power appeared: Monomakh's cap (crown), barmas (royal mantles) and the state emblem - a double-headed eagle. For political (and dynastic) reasons, Ivan III married for a second time the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, Zoe (Sophia) Paleologus. This strengthened the authority of the authorities and expanded ties with European countries. The ideas of Byzantine-Russian succession and inheritance of imperial (royal) rights by Muscovite sovereigns began to be substantiated more confidently. During the reign of Ivan III's heir, Vasily III, the Pskov monk Philotheus formulated the idea of ​​Moscow as the third Rome.

All successes in “gathering the Russian land” and in creating a new statehood were paid for at the cost of extreme restrictions on personal freedoms.

2.Tasks of strengthening the southwestern borders of the Moscow kingdom. Creation of a watchdog service along the Seversky Donets .

In the context of almost annual attacks by the Tatars, which confronted Muscovy with the problem of preserving statehood and threatened with the physical destruction of a significant part of its population, throughout the 16th-17th centuries. a number of defensive measures are being taken.

At first there were systematic observations of the steppe, later reorganized into a strong line of defense. Gradually, the movement of sedentary life began to move south, which was facilitated by the policies of the Moscow state. Cities such as Kursk (1587), Yelets (1592) began to be repopulated, and new ones were built - Belgorod and Oskol (1598), Valuiki (1599). These cities are already located on the borders of modern Lugansk region.

And yet the presence of fortified cities did not save the southern districts from the destructive attacks of the Tatars. To prevent hostilities, careful observation of vast steppe spaces was required. For this purpose, they were created watchmen - a few horse patrols, consisting mainly of “children of the boyars”, who observed and promptly notified about movements on the “field”. In the early 70s of the 16th century. 73 guards were allocated for border service, which were divided into 12 categories. Each guard included a strip of terrain about forty versts long, or even more, on which a mounted guard (distance) of 3-4 people carried out secret patrol duty, constantly on the move. The guards were not even allowed to stop in the same place twice to cook porridge. The task of the horse patrol (watchmen) was to observe the area without giving anything away. Noticing the approach of the Tatars, one of the sentinels (watchmen) had to gallop to the village that sent him to report on the enemy, and the rest continued observation.

From the 16th century The area “Holy Mountains” on the Seversky Donets is mentioned as a lookout point on the border of Muscovy with the Wild Field, through which the Muscovites were attacked more than once by the Tatars (in the “Notes on Moscow Affairs” of the Austrian ambassador Sigismund Herberstein in 1526, “ warriors whom the sovereign, according to custom, keeps there on guard for the purpose of reconnaissance and deterring Tatar raids… near the Great Perevoz, near the Holy Mountains"; under 1555, the Nikon Chronicle reports: “ How the governors came up Mzha and Kolomak, and a watchman from the Holy Mountains came running to them, and the village resident Lavrenty Koltovsky sent a comrade with him: the king of the Crimean Donets climbed over with many people and went to the Ryazan and Tula Ukraine»).

In accordance with the schedule of the Donetsk watchmen of Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, the following were installed on the left bank of the Seversky Donets: Kolomatskaya, Obyshkinskaya, Bolykleyskaya, Savvinsko-Izyumskaya, Svyatogorskaya, Bakhmutovskaya and Aidarskaya watchmen, under whose control were the Muravskaya, Izyumskaya and Kalmiusskaya “sakmas”. In 1571, after another Tatar raid, on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, Prince Tyufyakin and clerk Rzhevsky visited here on an inspection trip and installed a border sign in the form of a cross at the source of the Mius. In 1579, the government formed special mobile horse units to patrol the steppe roads from the Mius River to the Samara River.

In the “painting” of Donetsk watchmen “on the patrol of Prince Mikhail Tyufyakin and clerk Matvey Rzhevsky” in 1571, the “5th Svyatogorsk watchman” is mentioned, which is described as follows: “Stand as a watchman on the Svyatogorsk guard on this side of the Donets against the Holy Mountains; and they should move to the right up the Donets to the mouth of Oskol about ten versts, and to the left down the Donets through the Malyi Perevoz highway, and through the Great Perevoz highway and the Torskaya highway and to the mouth of the Toru about thirty versts; and they stand hiding in the bow opposite the Holy Mountains and in other places, moving in more than one place; and run as a watchman with that watchman to Putivl along the Lositskaya road to the top of Mzha and Kolomak. And from Izyumsky, the guards are about twenty versts from the crossing to Svyatogorsk.”

The last major step in strengthening the defensive and village guard service in the 16th century. began the construction in 1599 near the Holy Mountains at the confluence of Oskol and the Donets fortress of Tsareborisov.

From 1571, data has been preserved on the location of the watchmen and the territories they monitored. On the territory of our region and adjacent lands, the location of the watchman was as follows: in the upper reaches of the Aidar, at the mouth of Oskol, at the mouth of the Black Stallion there was a Bakhmutov watchman, "and take care of them to the right up the Donets to the mouth of the Borovaya bottom". According to sources, the southernmost guard in the Severskodonetch region was Aydarskaya, who was abandoned in 1579 because "Great fortresses have arrived."

This is how the Muscovite archers appeared in the Donbass. Twenty years later, the city of Tsarevo-Borisov was built in 1599 by order of Boris Godunov (1598-1605) at the confluence of the Oskol River with the Seversky Donets (burned by the Tatars), until the beginning of the Polish intervention in 1604 and the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov 1606-1607 gg., served as the coordinating center of the southern Russian border line.

So, by the end of the 16th century. Moscow patrol patrols only reached the Seversk-Donetsk section of the Wild Field, which was called the Crimean Side in documents of that time. The need to monitor this territory has arisen due to the fact that here “...Crimean and Nogai people go to the sovereign Ukraine along the new Kalmius road, and the Donets climb below Aidar and the south of Donetsk Discord.”

One of the features of the guard service was that observation posts extended far into the steppe were located at a sufficient distance from each other for communication. This contributed to the timely receipt of the necessary military-strategic information, as well as the rapid adoption of preventive measures. However, at the beginning of the 17th century. the watchdog service ceased to operate. The Middle Dontsovo region continued to be the sphere of attention of the Crimean Tatars.