Divided into separate parts (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Parts of the World Ocean

First of all, the World Ocean is a collection of individual oceans (Table 1).

Table 1. Main characteristics of the oceans (according to K. S. Lazarevich, 2005)

	Total area, million km 2	Average depth, m	Maximum depth, m	Volume, million km 3
			11 022 (Mariana Trench)
Atlantic			8742 (Puerto Rico Trench)
Indian			7729 (Sunda Trench)
Arctic			5527 (Greenland Sea)
World Ocean			11 022 (Mariana Trench)

The basis for this division is the following characteristics:

• configuration of the coastline of continents, archipelagos and islands;
• bottom relief;
• independent systems of ocean currents and atmospheric circulation;
• characteristic features of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the physical and chemical properties of water.

The boundaries of the oceans are extremely arbitrary. They are carried out on continents, islands, and in expanses of water - along underwater elevations or, conditionally, along meridians and parallels.

Smaller and relatively enclosed parts of the oceans are known as seas, bays, and straits.

Classification of seas

Sea- a part of the ocean, usually separated by islands, peninsulas and surface hills. The exception is the so-called sea without shores - the Sargasso Sea.

Seas make up 10% of the world's oceans. The largest sea on Earth is the Philippine Sea. Its area is 5726 thousand km 2.

The seas differ from the open part of the ocean in their special hydrological regime and other natural features, which is due to some isolation, the large influence of land and slow water exchange.

Seas are classified according to different criteria. By location seas are divided into:

• outlying, which are located on the underwater continuation of the continents and are limited on the ocean side by islands and underwater hills (for example, the Barents Sea, Bering Sea, Tasman Sea; all of them are closely connected with the ocean);
• domestic (Mediterranean), which flow far into the land, connecting with the oceans through narrow straits, often with bottom rises - underwater rapids, sharply differing from them in hydrological regime. Inland seas, in turn, are divided into inland(for example, Baltic and Black) and intercontinental(for example, Mediterranean and Red);
• interisland, more or less surrounded by a dense ring of islands and underwater rapids. These include the Java, Philippine and other seas, the regime of which is determined by the degree of water exchange with the ocean.

By the origin of the basins seas are divided into:

• continental (epicontinental), which are located on the shelf and arose due to the increase in water in the ocean after the melting of glaciers during the advance of ocean water onto land. This type includes most marginal and many inland seas, the depths of which are relatively shallow;
• oceanic (geosynclinal), which are formed as a result of breaks and faults in the earth's crust and subsidence of the land. These mainly include intercontinental seas, the depths of which increase towards the center to 2000-3000 m and have basins that are relatively symmetrical in shape. They are characterized by tectonic activity, and usually they cut through the continental basement. All interisland seas are also located in zones of tectonic activity of the Earth, and the islands surrounding them serve as the tops of seamounts, often volcanoes.

The boundary between land and sea, the so-called coastline, As a rule, it is very uneven, with bends in the form of bays and peninsulas. Along the coastline there are usually islands, separated from the continents and from each other by straits.

Bay classification

Bay- part of the ocean that extends deep into the land. Bays are less isolated from the oceans and are divided into different types:

• fjords - narrow, long, deep bays with steep banks, jutting into mountainous land and formed at the site of tectonic faults (for example, Sognefjord);
• estuaries - small bays formed on the site of river mouths flooded by the sea (for example, the Dnieper estuary);
• lagoons - bays along the coast, separated from the sea by spits (for example, the Curonian Lagoon).

There is a division of bays according to sizes. The largest bay on Earth, both in area and depth, is the Bay of Bengal. Its area is 2191 thousand km2, and its maximum depth is 4519 m.

Essentially similar water areas can be called bays in some cases, and seas in others. For example, the Bay of Bengal, but the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, but the Red Sea, etc. The fact is that their names have existed since historical times, when there were not enough clear definitions and ideas about water bodies.

Strait classification

Strait- a relatively narrow part of the ocean or sea that separates two areas of land and connects two adjacent bodies of water.

By morphology The straits are divided as follows:

• narrow and wide straits (the widest Drake Passage is 1120 km);
• short and long straits (the longest is Mozambique - 1760 km);
• shallow and deep straits (the deepest Drake Passage is 5249 km).

Based on the direction of water movement, they are distinguished:

• flowing straits, the current in which is directed in one direction (for example, the Strait of Florida with the Florida Current);
• exchange straits, in which currents pass in opposite directions off different coasts (for example, in Davis Strait, the warm West Greenland Current is directed to the north, and the cold Labrador Current is directed to the south). Currents in the Bosphorus Strait pass in opposite directions at two different levels (surface current from the Black Sea to Marmara, and deep one - vice versa).

Divisions of marine bodies of water (parts of the World Ocean) into types based on natural characteristics. There is no generally accepted K. m. based on taking into account the entire complex of their features. Various K. m. are based on individual characteristics (physiographic, morphological, hydrological, tect.). Krummel (1907) and Shokalsky divided the seas according to their position into Mediterranean seas And marginal seas. Muromtsev (1951) highlights inland, marginal seas And interisland, based on their hydrogeological regime. Bass shape. Strakhov (1954) distinguishes the seas flat and hollow, and according to the position and type of sedimentogenesis - inland And outlying humid and arid zones. By text. signs are usually identified platform seas(Also shelf, epeirogenic) And geosynclinal. Panov (1963) proposes dividing the seas according to text. structure into marginal-continental, shelf, depression and geosynclinal.

Geological Dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengoltz et al.. 1978 .

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Once a year, crowds of tourists flock to the South Korean Jindo archipelago: due to the increasing tides between its two islands, the waves recede on the sea - and a land road almost three kilometers long and forty meters wide opens, representing an analogue of the famous miracle of Moses described in the Old Testament . Tourists use this opportunity to walk along the exposed bottom, take pictures and collect shells.

Since seas appeared on our planet relatively recently, from 20 to 2 million years ago, they are considered young geological formations. The deepest reservoirs arose in places where large faults formed in the earth's crust as a result of the displacement of lithospheric plates. For example, the deepest sea in the world, the Philippine Sea, is considered so because of the trench located at its bottom, the depth of which exceeds 10.5 km, when the average depth of a sea reservoir is about 4 km.

A sea is a part of the World Ocean that is separated from it by areas of land or elevated underwater terrain that always have water communication with it, such as straits or bays. If the seas and oceans are not connected to each other in any way, then such a body of water is considered a lake, for example, the Caspian or Dead Sea.

Due to the fact that almost all marine bodies of water are located near the coast of the continent or are located inside the continent, and the speed of sea currents due to limited communication with the World Ocean is low, they differ from it in the level of salinity, depth, water structure, climate, topography, flora and fauna (the farther from the ocean, the more noticeable the difference).

Marine bodies of water may be part of another sea - in this case they are distinguished depending on the flora and fauna: endemics are often found among the inhabitants of the deep sea, as can be seen in the example of the Aegean, located on the outskirts of the Mediterranean Sea.

Salinity

An important characteristic of a sea body of water is its salinity, which they receive thanks to rivers that carry dissolved salts from the depths of our planet and carry them to the seas. True, their level of salinity differs significantly from each other. Thus, bodies of water with a high salt content (for example, the Red Sea is considered the saltiest sea in the world) have a higher level of salinity than in the ocean: thanks to active evaporation, part of the water goes into the atmosphere, and the salt goes to the bottom, where it gradually accumulates.

But low-salinity seas have a lower level of salinity than in the World Ocean, since due to climatic conditions the water evaporates slowly, which makes it possible for it to escape through the straits (the freshest sea in the world is the Baltic).

Temperature

Up to a depth of two hundred meters, the sea temperature depends on the geographic latitude and time of year: in areas with a hot climate, the water temperature will range from + 25 to + 30 ° C, in polar latitudes it can drop to -1.8 ° C (it does not freeze only thanks to dissolved salts in sea water).

But at great depths, water temperature indicators are affected by currents; the deeper they are, the colder the water (the Philippine Sea, the deepest sea in the world, at its lowest point has a temperature of about zero degrees).

As for the coldest sea body of water in the world, it is considered the East Siberian Sea, which is part of the Arctic Ocean: it is almost always covered with ice, and the water temperature in its northern part remains virtually unchanged throughout the year and amounts to -1.8° C, and in the south in summer the sea can warm up to five degrees above zero.

Tourists are recommended to relax on the Red Sea coast. It is located between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa and is the warmest sea body of water in the world. In summer the water temperature is +27°C, in winter it does not drop below +20°C.

Sea waves

Despite the fact that sea bodies of water are characterized by rather weak currents, the water in them moves even when in clear weather the sea surface seems perfectly flat. But the waves of the sea still beat against the shore - quietly, weakly, barely noticeably, but they constantly advance on the coast and retreat. They appear due to the wind, and their size depends on the strength of the air flow, which comes into contact with the water and, through friction, creates pressure on the crests of the waves (the shallower the depth, the smaller the waves). If there is no wind at all, then there is a swell and waves imperceptibly advancing on the coast.

Also characteristic waves are seiches - standing waves that rise and fall in the same place. This phenomenon lasts from several minutes to tens of hours. Despite the fact that the average wave height is thirty centimeters, it can easily vary from a few millimeters to five meters (it all depends on the topography of the coast and the depth of the reservoir). Seiches are not as harmless as they seem at first glance, and are primarily dangerous for small ships, boats and even people on the coast: suddenly rising high waves can “drag” a person under water.

Classification of seas

It is interesting that scientists still have not been able to come to a consensus on how many seas exist on our planet, since there are bodies of water that are difficult to classify and classify as a sea, lake or bay. Therefore, the official definition is questionable - and everyone puts them in the category that suits him most.

According to the International Hydrological Organization, there are sixty-three seas on Earth. Some scientists question these data, pointing out that many small marine reservoirs that are part of larger ones are not taken into account here, and therefore there are much more reservoirs of this type and their number is approaching a hundred.

To convince opponents, a map of the seas is cited as an example (it should be noted that in this list, many bays also fall into the category of seas, for example, the Persian, Bengal, and Mexican).

According to these data, there are about thirty seas in the Pacific Ocean, thirteen in the Southern Ocean, eleven in the Arctic Ocean, and six in the Indian Ocean. The number of marine bodies of water in the Atlantic Ocean causes the greatest disagreement among scientists and their number ranges from sixteen to thirty.

One of the most popular classifications is the division of seas according to the degree of their isolation from the ocean:

• Internal - located at a great distance from the ocean, have limited water exchange with it and are connected by one or several straits;
• Marginal - located near the ocean coast, are part of it and are located on the shelf;
• Interisland - are part of the World Ocean and are separated from it by a ring of islands, within which the rise of the relief slows down the water exchange of these seas with the ocean. An island in the sea or ocean is usually the top of a high underwater mountain or appears as a result of seismic activity (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions). Sometimes it is artificially created by people when they form an artificial island in the sea for their own needs (for example, during the construction of the Burj Al Arab hotel in the UAE).

Starting point

As a result of many years of observations, several centuries ago, scientists came to the conclusion that it is the level of the sea surface that is the ideal point from which to measure the height of objects both above and below it. Therefore, it was decided to consider it the absolute height, the zero reference point (in contrast, the relative height shows how higher or lower one point is relative to another).

It should be noted that altitude above sea level is a rather conventional concept, since our planet is not entirely round in shape and is slightly flattened at the poles. Due to the different salinity levels of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the constantly changing direction of air currents, the difference in height from the surface of the two oceans is about 20 cm.

For example, in Russia, the zero point is considered to be the mark of the Kronstadt footstock (a level gauge, which is a rod with divisions), which was installed in Kronstadt on the Baltic Sea coast.

But the depth and height in Western Europe are calculated using a level gauge installed in Amsterdam; the level of the Mediterranean Sea is calculated using a gauge installed on the coast of Marseille. Other continents also have their own reference level.

Sea vessels in human life

The sea significantly influenced the development of civilization: as soon as man built his first ship, he began to plow the sea in search of routes to new lands, make great geographical discoveries, discovering this or that continent or island in the sea, and develop trade, science, and art.

It is not surprising that he paid special attention to the development of maritime transport: throughout the history of mankind, ships have played an important role in the life of society. And even now, despite the huge number of alternative modes of transport, more than 60% of the world's transport turnover is carried out by ships.

Transporting cargo by ship is 40% cheaper (this is especially beneficial for small countries whose borders are by sea) than transporting it by rail. Recently, with the development of technology, ships began to move at a fairly decent speed and some of them are capable of accelerating to 100 km/h).

In addition, the depths of the sea conceal a huge amount of natural resources (for example, oil), which man has learned to extract and use. Since almost all oil fields are located in the sea, and some are many kilometers from the coast, it was with the help of ships that people were able to reach minerals.

Thanks to ships, people were able to develop fishing: about 90% of the catch is caught in the seas and oceans (most fish are caught in the northern hemisphere). Unfortunately, for many fishermen, fishing is a real hunt, and therefore is often carried out uncontrolled, which leads to the disappearance of many rare species of marine life. There is hope that this process can be brought under control and poaching will be replaced by rational forms of fishing.

Of the total area of ​​the planet, equal to 510 million km 2, 361 million km 2 are occupied by the waters of the World Ocean, which is about 71% of the total surface area of ​​the Earth. This predominance of water determines many of the most important features of the Earth as a planet - climate, life forms, the nature of the exchange of energy and matter between individual geospheres, etc. The world ocean contains 96.4% of the total amount of water found on Earth (including the continental ice of Antarctica and Greenland - see . Ch. 3), therefore its waters can be considered as an independent shell - oceanosphere. Despite the predominance of the water surface, the total amount of water compared to the size of the planet itself is small and is approximately 1/800 of the volume of the Earth. Consequently, on a planetary scale, the World Ocean is a relatively thin film on the surface of the Earth.

In accordance with the configuration of the coasts, bottom topography, water dynamics and atmospheric circulation, and the nature of the distribution of hydrological characteristics (temperature, salinity), the World Ocean is divided into separate oceans. Ocean- a vast part of the World Ocean, located between continents, with an independent water circulation system and specific features of the hydrological regime. In the process of evolution of our knowledge about the oceans, various options for dividing the World Ocean have appeared. It is generally accepted to distinguish four oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic. Their morphometric characteristics are given in table. 10.1.

As can be seen from the table, the area of ​​the Pacific Ocean is almost half of the entire area of ​​the World Ocean and exceeds the surface of all continents and islands of the Earth. The Pacific Ocean has the greatest average depth; the Mariana Trench, the deepest in the World Ocean, is also located here. Its maximum depth is 11,022 m; it was measured by an expedition on the Soviet research vessel Vityaz in 1957.

Table 10.1.Basic morphometric characteristics of the oceans*

In terms of its geographical location, morphometric characteristics and natural conditions, the Arctic Ocean differs significantly from other oceans. Its area is 12 times smaller than the area of ​​the Pacific Ocean, 6 times smaller than the Atlantic Ocean and 5 times smaller than the Indian Ocean. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is about three times less than that of other oceans. The ratio of the area of ​​this ocean to the area of ​​its drainage basin is 0.92, while for the Pacific Ocean this ratio is 0.04, for the Atlantic - 0.3, for the Indian - 0.09.

Recently, a fifth ocean has often been identified - the Southern Ocean, which, in accordance with the above definition of the ocean, really represents an independent object with a specific regime. In the south it extends to the coast of Antarctica, but in the north it does not have a clearly defined border: it is drawn either along the northern border of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current or along a line connecting the southern ends of South America, Africa, Tasmania and New Zealand. The total area of ​​the Southern Ocean is about 80 million km2. This means that the southern sectors of the three largest oceans will go to the Southern Ocean, and it will be second in area after the Pacific.

Within the oceans there are seas. Sea- a relatively small part of the ocean that juts into the land or is separated from its other parts by the shores of the mainland, seabed rises (thresholds) or islands and has specific features of the hydrological regime. The area of ​​the seas is about 10% of the total area of ​​the World Ocean, and the volume of water in the seas does not exceed 3% of the volume of water in the World Ocean. Based on the degree of isolation and location relative to the land, seas are divided into internal (Mediterranean), marginal and inter-island.

Inland seas usually protrude deep into the land and have difficult communication with the ocean through relatively narrow straits. In turn, inland seas are divided into intercontinental (for example, Mediterranean, Red) and inland (located within one continent, for example, Baltic, White, Black, Azov). The hydrological regime of these seas usually differs significantly from the regime of the adjacent part of the ocean.

marginal seas they protrude relatively shallowly into the land and are separated from the ocean by peninsulas, ridges of islands or rapids (for example, the Barents, Kara, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas). The water exchange of these seas with the ocean is greater than that of the inland ones, and the hydrological regime is closer to that of the adjacent part of the ocean.

Borders interisland seas are islands and seabed rises (for example, the Banda, Fiji, Philippine seas).

The total number of seas in the World Ocean according to the division adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO is about 60. The characteristics of the main seas are given in Table. 10.2. At the same time, a number of seas are distinguished only by states overlooking their coasts. For example, within the Mediterranean Sea the Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas are often distinguished; in the eastern part of the Barents Sea the Pechora Sea is distinguished, etc. The largest sea in the World Ocean and at the same time the deepest is the Philippine Sea (5.7 million km 2), the trench of the same name has a depth of up to 10,265 m. The volume of this sea is 30% greater than the volume of the entire Arctic Ocean. The largest seas in the Pacific Ocean, in addition to the Philippine Ocean, are the Coral Sea (4.1 million km 2), the South China Sea (3.5 million km 2), the Tasman Sea (3.3 million km 2), and in the Atlantic Ocean - the Weddell Sea ( 2.9 million km 2), Caribbean (2.8 million km 2) and Mediterranean (2.5 million km 2), in the Indian - Arabian (4.8 million km 2), and in the Arctic - Barents (1, 4 million km 2) and Norwegian (1.3 million km 2).

In the oceans and seas, there are also separate parts that differ in the configuration of the coasts, bottom topography and hydrological regime. First of all, these are straits and bays.

Strait- a body of water that separates two land areas and connects separate oceans and seas or parts thereof. An example is the Bering Strait, connecting the Pacific and Arctic oceans (and separating Asia and North America), the Gibraltar Strait, connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean (and separating Europe and Africa), La Perouse between the islands of Sakhalin and Hokkaido, connecting the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan. The width of the strait is considered to be the distance between land areas separated by water, the length of the strait is the distance between the main water bodies (between the inlet and outlet sections). The widest is the Drake Passage, which separates South America and Antarctica (about 1000 km), and the longest is the Mozambique Strait (almost 1800 km). Straits are very diverse; they play a very important role in the formation of the hydrological regime in the reservoirs they connect and in themselves represent an important object of study.

Table 10.2.Basic morphometric characteristics of some seas of the world*

* Atlases of the oceans. Terms. Concepts. Reference tables. GUNIO MO USSR, 1980.

Bay - part of the ocean or sea that juts out into the land and is not separated from it by islands or rises in the bottom. As a result, the bay’s regime differs little from the adjacent area of ​​the ocean or sea. Examples include the Bays of Biscay and Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, the Bay of California in the Pacific Ocean, the Bay of Bengal (the largest in area - 2.2 million km 2) and the Great Australian Bay in the Indian Ocean.

It should be borne in mind that the identification of individual seas and bays, as well as their boundaries, is a historical tradition, sometimes leading to contradictions. A number of regions of the World Ocean, having the same isolation and unique features of hydrological conditions, are in some cases called seas, in others - bays. For example, such ocean bays as the Mexican, Persian, and Hudson would be more correctly called seas; the Arabian and Beaufort seas are more likely bays, rather than the Sargasso Sea, which does not have shores, is essentially the inner part of the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic.

Depending on the origin, shape, and structure of the shores, bays have different, often local names: bay, estuary, fiord, lip, lagoon, etc.

Bay- a small bay, separated by capes or islands from the main body of water (i.e. ocean or sea), usually well protected from the winds and often used for port construction. Each bay has a special hydrological regime. Examples of such water bodies are the Sevastopol and Tsemes bays on the Black Sea, the Golden Horn and Nakhodka in the Sea of ​​Japan.

Liman - a bay separated from the sea by a sand spit (bar), in which there is a narrow strait connecting the estuary with the sea. Typically, an estuary is the flooded part of the section of a river valley closest to the sea (for example, the Dnieper-Bugsky, Dniester estuaries on the Black Sea coast). The characteristics of the waters in an estuary can be greatly influenced by the river flowing into it. These water bodies are sometimes classified as lakes, but it is more correct to consider them parts of river mouth areas (see Section 6.14).

Lip- a common name in northern Russia for a bay that protrudes deeply into the land, as well as a vast bay into which a river flows (Czech in the Barents Sea, Ob in the Kara). It is also advisable to classify these water areas as river mouth areas.

A narrow and deep sea bay with high shores (usually the bed of an ancient glacier) is called fiord(eg Sognefjord in the Norwegian Sea).

A system for dividing marine bodies of water (parts of the World Ocean) into types based on natural characteristics. There is no generally accepted K. m. based on taking into account the entire complex of their features. Various K. m. are based on individual characteristics (physiographic, morphological, hydrological, tect.). Krummel (1907) and Shokalsky divided the seas according to their position into Mediterranean seas And marginal seas. Muromtsev (1951) highlights inland, marginal seas And interisland, based on their hydrogeological regime. Bass shape. Strakhov (1954) distinguishes the seas flat and hollow, and according to the position and type of sedimentogenesis - inland And outlying humid and arid zones. By text. signs are usually identified platform seas(Also shelf, epeirogenic) And geosynclinal. Panov (1963) proposes dividing the seas according to text. structure into marginal-continental, shelf, depression and geosynclinal.

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"CLASSIFICATION OF THE SEA" in books

MYSTERY OF THE SEAS

From the book Admiral Makarov author Ostrovsky Boris Genrikhovich

THE MYSTERY OF THE SEA “There were only guesses, but Stepan Osipovich presented a completely accurate, very instructive picture of everything that happens in the Bosporus, in all its layers.” Academician M. A. Rykachev Full of new impressions and ideas, Makarov arrived in St. Petersburg in mid-1881.

Products of seas and rivers

From the book Salads for every taste author Polivalina Lyubov Alexandrovna

Ghosts of the seas

From the book In the Wake of Marine Disasters author Skryagin Lev Nikolaevich

Ghosts of the seas But it’s not just bottles that are carried by currents. Ships often sail across the oceans and seas “without rudder or sails”... In the days of the sailing fleet, the dependence of sailors on the sea elements was extremely great. In most cases, a ship caught on reefs

Invisible seas

From the book Computerra Magazine No. 754 author Computerra Magazine

Invisible seas Author: Vannakh Mikhail In our global world, the sea, as in the old days, remains the most economical transport route. But the routes, whether land or ocean, must be protected. Otherwise, an embarrassment will happen, as recently with the Ukrainian ship "Faina", which

"Sea storm"

From the book Famous Sea Robbers. From Vikings to Pirates author Balandin Rudolf Konstantinovich

“Thunderstorm of the Seas” One of the last great pirates was Robert Surcouf. He became famous thanks to the political events that shook France after the Great Revolution. For those who like to refer to the fatal power of heredity, his example is convincing: his great-grandfather, a Scottish corsair

MASTER OF THE SEAS

From Richelieu's book author Levandovsky Anatoly Petrovich

MASTER OF THE SEA When the cardinal took charge of the sea, trade was almost completely destroyed, and the king did not have a single ship. Note to the "Political Testament" The strength of the army is not only that the king is strong on land, but also that he is strong on

By three seas

From the book Ancient Slavs, I-X centuries [Mysterious and fascinating stories about the Slavic world] author Soloviev Vladimir Mikhailovich

At the Three Seas Under Simeon, the truly golden age of the First Bulgarian Kingdom begins. And here, without fear of exaggerating the role of an individual in history, it makes sense to emphasize how much it means that it was he who took the reins of government of the country into his own hands. The first king of Bulgaria Simeon I

DRAGONS OF THE SEA

From the book Tigers of the Sea. Introduction to Vikingology author Budur Natalia Valentinovna

DRAGONS OF THE SEA The ancestors of the Vikings were first mentioned by Tacitus in Germania, where the curious shape of their longships was noted, the main features of which remained unchanged over the centuries. Until 1862, Viking ships were known only from descriptions of Tacitus, the Arab Ibn Fadlan and

SECRETS OF THE SEAS

From the book Riddles of Sorcerers and Rulers author Smirnov Vitaly Germanovich

SECRETS OF THE SEA THE DEMON TURNED OUT TO BE A PIOUS HERMIT St. Helena Island, which went down in history as the place of exile and death of Napoleon, was glorified three hundred years earlier by a pious hermit who was long mistaken for a demon...In the first quarter of the 16th century, St. Helena Island

FREEDOM OF THE SEAS

From the book The Dead End of Liberalism. How wars start author Galin Vasily Vasilievich

FREEDOM OF THE SEAS The term “freedom of the seas” was introduced by House in 1915 to justify free trade with warring countries (which brought fabulous profits to the United States). By “freedom of the seas” was meant: the right of free trade of neutral countries during a war, the interference of which

Lady of the Seas

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary of Catchwords and Expressions author Serov Vadim Vasilievich

Lady of the Seas From English: Rule, Britannia, upon the sea. Translation: Rule, O Britain, the seas. The first line of the English national anthem, which probably gave birth to another catchphrase, “Britain, Mistress of the Seas.” The anthem was based on “English Patriotic

Into the depths of the seas

From the book Among the Smells and Sounds author Pluzhnikov Marius

Into the depths of the seas Having put on fins and a mask, you swim along the gentle waves of the Black Sea... A school of silver mullet flashed by, a fabulous plume fish sparkled in the sun with all the colors of the rainbow, a crab sideways backed along the bottom, raising its claws intimidatingly. “You’re lying, you won’t scare me!”

Into the depths of the seas

From the book In the world of smells and sounds author Ryazantsev Sergey Valentinovich

Into the depths of the seas “You know, Zosya,” said the great schemer, “every person, even a party member, is pressed by an atmospheric column weighing two hundred and fourteen kilos. Have you noticed this? I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Golden Calf” I don’t argue that achievement is Overcoming

"TIGERS OF THE SEA"

From the book 100 famous mysteries of nature author Syadro Vladimir Vladimirovich

“TIGERS OF THE SEA” If we talk about sea inhabitants, then only one of them causes fear and hatred in the overwhelming majority of people. We're talking about sharks. These oldest fish on Earth, which appeared about 400 million years ago, pose a number of challenges to researchers.

Robbers of the seas

From the book T.3. Robbers of the seas. The pariahs of humanity. Pitcairn crime by Jacolliot Louis